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Pope John XXIII
Head of the Huge Church from to
For righteousness 15th-century Pisan antipope, see Antipope John XXIII.
PopeSaint John XXIII | |
|---|---|
Official photograph, – | |
| Church | Catholic Church |
| Papacy began | 28 Oct |
| Papacy ended | 3 June |
| Predecessor | Pius XII |
| Successor | Paul VI |
| Previous post(s) |
|
| Ordination | 10 August by&#;Giuseppe Ceppetelli |
| Consecration | 19 Hoof it by&#;Giovanni Tacci Porcelli |
| Created cardinal | 12 Jan by Pius XII |
| Rank | Cardinal-Priest |
| Born | Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli ()25 November Sotto il Monte, Bergamo, Kingdom of Italy |
| Died | 3 June () (aged&#;81) Apostolic Palace, Vatican City |
| Education | |
| Motto | Oboedientia flat surface Pax (Latin for 'Obedience and Peace') |
| Signature | |
| Coat of arms | |
| Feast day | |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 3 Sep Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by&#;Pope John Paul II |
| Canonized | 27 April Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by&#;Pope Francis |
| Attributes | |
| Patronage | |
| Other popes named John | |
Pope Can XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII[dʒoˈvanniventitreˈɛːzimo]; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, Italian:[ˈandʒelodʒuˈzɛpperoŋˈkalli];[a] 25&#;November &#;&#; 3 June ) was head of birth Catholic Church and sovereign close the Vatican City State superior 28 October until his inattentive in June
Roncalli was amongst 13 children born to Marianna Mazzola and Giovanni Battista Roncalli in a family of sharecroppers who lived in Sotto strike Monte, a village in illustriousness province of Bergamo, Lombardy.[8] Flair was ordained to the bureau on 10&#;August and served do a number of posts, orangutan nuncio in France and orderly delegate to Bulgaria, Greece scold Turkey.
In a consistory exoneration 12 January Pope Pius Dozen made Roncalli a cardinal kind the Cardinal-priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Metropolis. Roncalli was unexpectedly elected holy father on 28 October at latitude 76 after Pope Pius XII's death. Pope John XXIII astonished those who expected him lambast be a caretaker pope make wet calling the historic Second Residence Council (–), the first meeting opening on 11&#;October , which is now his feast.
John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate. His views on equality were summed trainer in his statement, "We were all made in God's increase, and thus, we are drain Godly alike."[9][10] He made adroit major impact on the Expansive Church, opening it up letter dramatic unexpected changes promulgated trim the Second Vatican Council professor by his own dealings garner other churches and nations.
Suspend Italian politics, he prohibited bishops from interfering with local elections, and he helped the Christly Democracy party to cooperate touch the Italian Socialist Party. Stop in midsentence international affairs, his Ostpolitik booked in dialogue with the marxist countries of Eastern Europe. Take steps especially reached out to class Eastern Orthodox churches.
His whole goal was to modernize say publicly Church by emphasizing its innocent role, and its necessary participation with affairs of state. Explicit dropped the traditional rule substantiation 70 cardinals, increasing the magnitude to He used the post to name the first cardinals from Africa, Japan, and significance Philippines.
He promoted ecumenical movements in cooperation with other Christlike faiths. In doctrinal matters, unwind was a traditionalist, but noteworthy ended the practice of compulsorily formulating social and political policies on the basis of confirmation theological propositions.[11]
He did not be extant to see the Second Residence Council to completion.
In Sep , he was diagnosed disagree with stomach cancer and died intensity months later on June 3, His cause for canonization was opened on 18 November tough his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Help of God. He was favoured by Pope John Paul II in On 5&#;July , Catholic Francis – bypassing the usually required second miracle – apparent John XXIII a saint, home-grown on his virtuous, model style, and because of the trade event which had come from her majesty opening of the Second Residence Council.
He was canonized be adjacent to Pope John Paul II yourself on 27 April [12][13] Toilet XXIII today is affectionately make public as "the Good Pope" (Italian: il papa buono).
Early life
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born team 25 November in Sotto infringe Monte, a small country settlement in the Bergamo province pay the bill the Lombardy region of Italy.[a] He was the eldest endeavour of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (–) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzola (–), and fourth answer a family of thirteen.
Wreath siblings were:[14]
- Maria Caterina (–)
- Teresa (–), who married Michele Ghisleni cede
- Ancilla (–)
- Francesco Saverio (–), who married Maria Carrara in
- Maria Elisa (–)
- Assunta Casilda (–),[15] who married Giovanni Battista Marchesi shrub border
- Domenico Giuseppe (–)
- Alfredo (–)
- Giovanni Francesco (–), who married Caterina Formenti in
- Enrica (–)
- Giuseppe Luigi (–),[16] who married Ida Biffi pin down
- Luigi (–)[17][18]
His family worked although sharecroppers, as did most have a high regard for the people of Sotto pamper Monte – a striking discriminate to that of his forefather, Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), who came from a kindred established in senior roles check the Papal administration.
Roncalli was nonetheless a descendant of prominence Italian noble family, albeit munch through a secondary and impoverished branch;[19] "(he) derived from no frugal origins but from worthy vital respected folk who can exist traced right back to character beginning of the fifteenth century". The Roncallis maintained a cellar and cornfields, and kept cattle.[20]
In , Roncalli received both rulership First Communion and Confirmation take up the age of 8.[21]
On 1 March , Luigi Isacchi, integrity spiritual director of his educational institution, enrolled him into the Sublunary Franciscan Order.
He professed sovereignty vows as a member expend that order on 23 Might [22]
In , Roncalli completed top doctorate in canon law[23] shaft was ordained a priest proclaim the Church of Santa Tree in Montesanto in Piazza describe Popolo in Rome on 10 August. Shortly after that, completely still in Rome, Roncalli was taken to Saint Peter's Basilica to meet Pope Pius Suspension.
After this, he would revert to his town to jubilate Mass for the Assumption.[24]
Priesthood
In , Giacomo Radini-Tedeschi, the new Priest of Bergamo, appointed Roncalli style his secretary. Roncalli worked usher Radini-Tedeschi until the bishop's pull off on 22&#;August , two generation after the death of Pius X.
Radini-Tedeschi's last words cut into Roncalli were "Angelo, pray reawaken peace". The death of Radini-Tedeschi had a deep effect detached Roncalli.[25] During this period Roncalli was also a lecturer derive the diocesan seminary in Bergamo.
During World War I, Roncalli was drafted into the Sovereign Italian Army as a lawman, serving in the medical hands as a stretcher-bearer and importance a chaplain.
After being honourably discharged from the army throw in early , he was baptized spiritual director of the seminary.[26] On 7 May , Roncalli was appointed a Domestic Suspect of His Holiness, which gave him the title of Monsignor.[27] On 6 November, he cosmopolitan to Rome where he was scheduled to meet the Vicar of christ.
After their meeting, Pope Anthropologist XV appointed him as righteousness Italian president of the Kinship for the Propagation of dignity Faith. Roncalli would recall Anthropologist XV as being the domineering sympathetic of the popes explicit had met.[28]
Episcopate
In February , say publicly Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri summoned him to authority Vatican and informed him souk Pope Pius XI's decision give out appoint him the Apostolic Company to Bulgaria (–).
On 3 March, Pius XI also fit him titular archbishop of Areopolis,[29]Jordan.[30] Roncalli was initially reluctant apropos a mission to Bulgaria, on the contrary he soon relented. His verdict as apostolic visitor was grateful official on 19 March.[31] Roncalli was consecrated a bishop indifferent to Giovanni Tacci Porcelli in rectitude church of San Carlo make off with Corso in Rome, on 25 March [32]
On 30 November , he was appointed Apostolic Diplomat to Turkey and Greece extra titular archbishop of Mesembria, Bulgaria.[33][34] He became known in Turkey's predominantly Muslim society as "the Turcophile Pope".[35] Roncalli took erect this post in and motivated his office to help depiction Jewish underground in saving billions of refugees in Europe, valuable some to consider him perform be a Righteous Gentile (see Pope John XXIII and Judaism).
In October , he heavy Bulgarian pilgrims to Rome good turn introduced them to Pope Pius XI on 14 October.[36]
In Feb , he received news use up his sisters that his be quiet was dying. On 10 Feb , Pope Pius XI dull. Roncalli was unable to esteem his mother for the defense as the death of skilful pontiff meant that he would have to stay at circlet post until the election a choice of a new pontiff: she petit mal on 20 February , over the nine days of keening for the late Pius XI.
He was sent a character by Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli, gleam Roncalli later recalled that follow was probably the last sign Pacelli sent until his choosing as Pope Pius XII incessant 2 March Roncalli expressed benefit that Pacelli was elected, sit, on radio, listened to probity coronation of the new pontiff.[37]
Roncalli remained in Bulgaria at position time that World War II commenced, optimistically writing in surmount journal in April , "I don't believe we will keep a war".
When the combat began, he was in Set-to, meeting with Pope Pius Dozen on 5 September In , Roncalli was asked by honourableness Vatican to devote more accustomed his time to Greece; consequently, he made several visits contain January and May of ensure year.[38] He maintained close contact with the Jews and additionally intervened to convince Bulgaria's Persistent Boris III to cancel deportations of Greek Jews during grandeur Nazi occupation of Greece.[39]
Efforts alongside the Holocaust
As nuncio, Roncalli sense efforts during the Holocaust amount World War II to release refugees, mostly Jewish people, spread the Nazis.
Among his efforts were:
In , the Catholic Herald newspaper quoted Pope Bathroom XXIII as saying:
Astonishment are conscious today that various, many centuries of blindness possess cloaked our eyes so deviate we can no longer hypothesis the beauty of Thy undignified people nor recognise in their faces the features of outline privileged brethren.
We realize ramble the mark of Cain stands upon our foreheads. Across illustriousness centuries our brother Abel has lain in blood which astonishment drew, or shed tears awe caused by forgetting Thy attachment. Forgive us for the adversity we falsely attached to their name as Jews. Forgive pitiless for crucifying Thee a more time in their flesh.
Production we know not what phenomenon did.[44][45]
On 7 September , goodness International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation launched the International Campaign for excellence Acknowledgement of the humanitarian bags undertaken by Vatican Nuncio Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli for people, pinnacle of whom were Jewish, haggard by the Nazi regime.
Description launching took place at interpretation Permanent Observation Mission of honesty Vatican to the United Offerings, in the presence of Residence State Secretary Cardinal Angelo Sodano.
The International Raoul Wallenberg Bring about has carried out exhaustive true research related to different fairy-tale connected with interventions of Ambassador Roncalli in favour of Mortal refugees during the Holocaust.
Style of September three reports take been published compiling different studies and materials of historical delving about the humanitarian actions heckle out by Roncalli when filth was nuncio.[46][47]
In , the Worldwide Raoul Wallenberg Foundation submitted unmixed massive file (the Roncalli Dossier) to Yad Vashem, with out strong petition and recommendation come into contact with bestow upon him the headline of Righteous among the Nations.[48]
Relations with Israel
After , he artificial an active role in acquirement Catholic Church support for character establishment of the State past its best Israel.
His support for Zionism,[49] and the establishment of State was the result of cultural and religious openness discuss other faiths and cultures, duct especially concern with the fortune of Jews after the contention. He was one of authority Vatican's most sympathetic diplomats put up with Jewish immigration to Palestine, which he saw as a helper issue, and not a situation of biblical theology.[50]
Nuncio
On 22 Dec , during World War II, Pope Pius XII named him to be the new Disciple Nuncio to recently liberated France.[51] In this capacity he abstruse to negotiate the retirement stencil bishops who had collaborated junk the German occupying power.
Roncalli was chosen among several blemish candidates, one of whom was Archbishop Giuseppe Fietta. Roncalli trip over with Domenico Tardini to converse about his new appointment, and their conversation suggested that Tardini blunt not approve of it. Solve curial prelate referred to Roncalli as an "old fogey" in the long run b for a long time speaking with a journalist.[52]
Roncalli evaluate Ankara on 27 December redirect a series of short-haul flights that took him to a handful places, such as Beirut, Port and Naples.
He ventured nurture Rome on 28 December extract met with both Tardini innermost his friend Giovanni Battista Montini. He left for France ethics next day to commence her highness newest role.[53] In November , he went for his per annum retreat to the En-Calcat Monastery in Southern France.[54]
Cardinal
Roncalli received a-okay message from Montini on 14 November asking him if lighten up would want to become integrity new Patriarch of Venice interpose light of the nearing brusque of Carlo Agostini.
Furthermore, Montini said to him via message on 29 November that Pius XII had decided to enlist him to the cardinalate. Roncalli knew that he would facsimile appointed to lead the structure of Venice due to honourableness death of Agostini, who was to have been raised cut short the rank of cardinal.[55]
On 12 January , he was settled Patriarch of Venice and easier said than done to the rank of Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca by Holy father Pius XII.
Before departing Town he invited to dinner loftiness eight men who had served as prime minister during Roncalli's term as nuncio.[56] Roncalli nautical port France for Venice on 23 February stopping briefly in Milano and then to Rome. Make your mind up 15 March , he took possession of his new bishopric in Venice.
As a indicator of his esteem, the Supervisor of France, Vincent Auriol, alleged the ancient privilege possessed dampen French monarchs and bestowed class red biretta on Roncalli have doubts about a ceremony in the Élysée Palace. It was around that time that he, with rectitude aid of Monsignor Bruno Heim, formed his coat of clash of arms with a lion of Archangel Mark on a white cause.
Auriol also awarded Roncalli connect months later with the trophy haul of Commander of the Diversified of Honour.
Roncalli decided strip live on the second parquet of the residence reserved make it to the patriarch, choosing not concurrence live in the first knock down room once resided in hunk Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, who afterward became Pope Pius X.
Stop 29 May , the vast Pius X was canonized president Roncalli ensured that the thicken pontiff's patriarchal room was fashionable into a (the year pressure the new saint's papal election) look in his honor. Stomach Pius X's few surviving blood, Roncalli celebrated a Mass drag his honor.
His sister Ancilla would soon be diagnosed trusty stomach cancer in the trustworthy s.
Roncalli's last letter trial her was dated on 8 November where he promised pop in visit her within the ensue week. He could not shut in that promise, as Ancilla in a good way on 11 November at interpretation time when he was consecrating a new church in Metropolis. He attended her funeral make longer in his hometown. In sovereignty will around this time, be active mentioned that he wished designate be buried in the ominous of St Mark's Basilica pop into Venice with some of fulfil predecessors rather than with representation family in Sotto il Cards.
In , he held tidy diocesan synod.[57]
Papacy
Papal election
Main article: white-collar conclave
Following the death of Holy father Pius XII on 9 Oct , Roncalli watched the live on funeral on his last entire day in Venice on 11 October. His journal was ie concerned with the funeral countryside the abused state of illustriousness late pontiff's corpse.
Roncalli weigh up Venice for the conclave counter Rome well aware that flair was papabile,[b] and after squad ballots, was elected to achieve something the late Pius XII, thus it came as no curiosity to him, though he abstruse arrived at the Vatican adhere to a return train ticket backing Venice.[59]
Many had considered Giovanni Battista Montini, the Archbishop of Metropolis, a possible candidate, but, even if he was the archbishop near one of the most past and prominent sees in Italia, he had not yet anachronistic made a cardinal.[60] Though monarch absence from the conclave upfront not make him ineligible – under Canon Law any Wide male who is capable admire receiving priestly ordination and accounting consecration may be elected – the College of Cardinals customarily chose the new pontiff use among the Cardinals who serve the papal conclave.
At authority time, as opposed to different practice, the participating Cardinals plain-spoken not have to be stygian age 80 to vote, respecting were few Eastern-rite Cardinals,[c] at an earlier time some Cardinals were just priests at the time of their elevation.[d]
Roncalli was summoned to high-mindedness final ballot of the congress at &#;pm.
He was chosen pope at &#;pm with smart total of 38 votes. End the long pontificate of Bishop of rome Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – go fast was presumed because of her highness advanced age – would bait a short-term or "stop-gap" bishop of rome. They wished to choose well-ordered candidate who would do tiny during the new pontificate.
Down tools his election, Cardinal Eugène Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accede to and if so, what label he would take for yourself. Roncalli gave the first have power over his many surprises when proscribed chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first fluster in over years that that name had been chosen; prior popes had avoided its conduct since the time of significance Antipope John XXIII during high-mindedness Western Schism several centuries in the past.
On the choice of crown papal name, Pope John Cardinal said to the cardinals:
I will be called John graceful name sweet to us in that it is the name slate our father, dear to aware because it is the fame of the humble parish religion where we were baptized, loftiness solemn name of numberless cathedrals scattered throughout the world, inclusive of our own basilica [St.
Crapper Lateran]. Twenty-two Johns of encouraging legitimacy have [been Pope], extort almost all had a momentary pontificate. We have preferred come together hide the smallness of contact name behind this magnificent crowd of Roman Pontiffs.[61][62]
Upon his verdict the name, there was detestable confusion as to whether elegance would be known as Toilet XXIII or John XXIV; sound response, he declared that subside was John XXIII, thus affirming the antipapal status of antipope John XXIII.
Before this antipope, the most recent popes named John were John XXII (–) and John XXI (–). Rebuff Pope John XX existed, at the back of to confusion caused by old-fashioned historians misreading the Liber Pontificalis to refer to another Bishop of rome John between John XIV tell off John XV.
After his referendum, he confided in Cardinal Maurice Feltin that he had unfitting the name "in memory human France and in the honour of John XXII who enlarged the history of the government in France".[63]
After he answered greatness two ritual questions, the routine Habemus Papam announcement was direct by Cardinal Nicola Canali forbear the people at &#;pm, chaste exact hour after the pale smoke appeared.
A short greatest extent later, he appeared on blue blood the gentry balcony and gave his be foremost Urbi et Orbi blessing contain the crowds of the conscientious below in Saint Peter's Foursided. That same night, he decreed Domenico Tardini as his Essential Secretary of State. Of blue blood the gentry three cassocks prepared for whoever the new pope was, uniform the largest was not ample supply to fit his obese background, which had to be spurt out in certain places near only to be held relate to each other with great effort by gendarme pins.
When he first apothegm himself in the mirror overfull his new vestments, he vocal with an apprising and depreciatory look that "this man desire be a disaster on television!", while later saying he matte his first appearance before character globe was as if forbidden were a "newborn babe resource swaddling clothes".[64]
His coronation took strongbox on 4 November , put the finishing touches to the feast of Saint River Borromeo, and it occurred rein the central loggia of prestige Vatican.
He was crowned append the Palatine Tiara. His camp ran for the traditional fivesome hours.
In John XXIII's chief consistory on 15 December rot that same year, Montini was created a cardinal and would become John XXIII's successor slice , taking the name drug Paul VI. That consistory was notable for being the cheeriness to expand the Sacred School membership beyond the then-traditional
Following his election the new catholic told the tale of putting in his first weeks unwind was walking when he heard a woman exclaim in unembellished loud voice: "My God, he's so fat!" The new vicar of christ casually remarked: "Madame, the consecrated conclave isn't exactly a handsomeness contest!"[64]
Visits around Rome
On 25 Dec , he became the eminent pope since to make innocent visits in his Diocese close Rome, when he visited progeny infected with polio at picture Bambino Gesù Hospital and fortify visited Santo Spirito Hospital.
Blue blood the gentry following day, he visited Rome's Regina Coeli prison, where why not? told the inmates: "You could not come to me, like so I came to you." These gestures created a sensation, with he wrote in his diary: " great astonishment in class Roman, Italian and international hold sway over. I was hemmed in not working all sides: authorities, photographers, prisoners, warders"[65]
During these visits, John Cardinal put aside the normal catholic use of the formal "we" when referring to himself, specified as when he visited a-ok reformatory school for juvenile delinquents in Rome telling them "I have wanted to come field for some time".
The routes noticed this and reported deviate "He talked to the youths in their own language".[66]
"Ostpolitik" streak Eastern Europe
In international affairs, government "Ostpolitik" ["Eastern policy"] engaged come by dialogue with the Communist countries of Eastern Europe. He played to reconcile the Vatican get a feel for the Russian Orthodox Church prefer settle tensions between the neighbouring churches.
The Second Vatican Diet did not condemn Communism tell did not even mention hold your horses, in what some have titled a secret agreement between rendering Holy See and the State Union. In Pacem in terris, John XXIII also sought exchange prevent nuclear war and fatigued to improve relations between leadership Soviet Union and the Coalesced States.
He began a design of dialogue with Soviet body in order to seek way of life in which Eastern Catholics could find relief from persecution.[67]
Relations have a crush on Jews
Main article: Pope John Cardinal and Judaism
Pope John XXIII troublefree several gestures to demonstrate emperor sympathetic feelings for the Judaic community.
He sent a catch the eye to the Chief Rabbi round Israel announcing his election, plane though the Holy See frank not recognize the State chief Israel. On 17 October , he met with a accusation of American Jews associated bang into the United Jewish Appeal. Take steps greeted them with words take from the Bible "I am Patriarch your brother" to establish drift he and they were firsthand a new relationship despite what may have passed between Catholics and Jews before, as Patriarch reconciled with his brothers hassle Book of Genesis.
On 17 March , he stopped dominion car when he saw fabricate exiting the synagogue in Brouhaha and blessed them in significance morning. A rabbi described honourableness scene: "after a moment dying understandable bewilderment, the Jews bordered him and applauded him willingly. It was in fact say publicly first time in history renounce a pope had blessed Jews and it was perhaps say publicly first real gesture of reconciliation".[68][69]
One of the notable acts bank Pope John XXIII, in , was to eliminate the class of Jews as perfidius (Latin for "perfidious" or "faithless") be grateful for the prayer for the difference of the Jews in glory Good Friday liturgy.
He in disrepair the first Good Friday sacrament in his pontificate to regulate this issue when he regulate heard a celebrant refer craving the Jews with that vocable. He also made a divulgence for the Church for anti-semitism through the centuries.[70] Also, undecorated , John XXIII, modified glory language used in the initiation of adults, removing the cautionary against returning to one's under religious faith, with texts protract for a pagan, Muslim, Mortal, and heretical Christian.
In interpretation case of a Jewish transfigure the text was: "You abhor Hebrew perfidy and disdain Hebrew superstition." The modification was made because Pope John needed "to emphasize everything that unites and to remove anything give it some thought unduly divides believers in God".[71]
While Vatican II was being reserved, John XXIII tasked Cardinal Augustin Bea with the creation have fun several important documents that pertained to reconciliation with Jewish pass around.
The declaration Nostra aetate, go over generally thought to be faked by Pope John's teachings.
These words and actions endeared him to the Jewish people. High-mindedness Chief Rabbi of Israel, Yitzhak Nissim, later mourned his sort-out as "A loss that saddens all those who seek calmness and human love".[72]
Calling the Council
Far from being a mere "stopgap" pope, to great excitement, Convenience XXIII called for an general council fewer than 90 age after the First Vatican Assembly (Vatican I's predecessor, the Convention of Trent, had been taken aloof in the 16th century).
That decision was announced on 25 January at the Basilica incessantly Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua avoid "this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's form he's stirring up".[73] From rendering Second Vatican Council came fluctuate that reshaped the face forfeited Catholicism: a comprehensively revised communion, a stronger emphasis on creed, and a new approach abrupt the world.
Prior to blue blood the gentry first session of the talking shop parliamen, John XXIII visited Assisi give orders to Loreto on 4 October communication pray for the new accessible council as well as cue mark the feast day have a hold over Saint Francis of Assisi. Proscribed was the first pope cause somebody to travel outside of Rome on account of Pope Pius IX.
Along influence way, there were several halts at Orte, Narni, Terni, Spoleto, Foligno, Fabriano, Iesi, Falconara Marittima and Ancona where the slash gain greeted him.[74]
Moral and doctrinal theology
Main article: Moral theology of Gents XXIII
In matters of doctrinal discipline, John XXIII has been believed to be a traditionalist.
Stravinskas notes his "determination to stabilize doctrinal fidelity" with past communion teaching, while ensuring that here was a contemporary tone nickname how such teaching was communicated.[75]
Contraception
In , John XXIII established tidy commission of six non-theologians give somebody the job of investigate questions of birth control.[76][77]
Human rights
John XXIII was an uphold for human rights which target the unborn and the decrepit.
He wrote about human upon in his encyclicalPacem in terris. He wrote, "Man has nobility right to live. He has the right to bodily virtue and to the means proper for the proper development constantly life, particularly food, clothing, hibernate, medical care, rest, and, eventually, the necessary social services. Execute consequence, he has the glaring to be looked after wellheeled the event of ill health; disability stemming from his work; widowhood; old age; enforced unemployment; or whenever through no weak point of his own he practical deprived of the means curst livelihood."[78]
Divorce
John XXIII said that hominoid life is transmitted through magnanimity family which is founded defile the sacrament of marriage arena is both one and eternal as a union in Deity, therefore, it is against say publicly teachings of the Church realize a married couple to divorce.[79]
Pope John XXIII and papal ceremonial
Main article: Ceremonial of John XXIII
Pope John XXIII was the first name pope to use full prelatic ceremony, some of which was abolished after Vatican II, onetime the rest fell into decline.
His papal coronation ran backing the traditional five hours (Pope Paul&#;VI, by contrast, opted need a shorter ceremony, while adjacent popes declined to be crowned). Pope John XXIII, like culminate predecessor Pius XII, chose detain have the coronation itself standpoint place on the balcony racket St. Peter's Basilica, in tax value of the crowds assembled turn a profit Saint Peter's Square below.
He wore a number of apostolical tiaras during his papacy. Inspect the most formal of occasions would he don the Bone tiara he received at empress coronation, but on other occasions, he used the tiara reminisce Pope Pius XI, which was used so often that skill was associated with him from a to z strongly. The people of Bergamo gave him an expensive silvery tiara, but he requested depart the number of jewels cast-off be halved and that magnanimity money be given to birth poor.
Liturgical reform
Maintaining continuity have under surveillance his predecessors, John XXIII drawn-out the gradual reform of say publicly Roman liturgy, and published inconstancy that resulted in the Exemplary Missal, the last typical number containing the Tridentine Mass written in by Pope Pius Altogether after the Council of River.
It inserted into the maxim of the Mass the fame of Saint Joseph, the lid change for centuries in influence canon of the Mass.[80] Numerous traditionalist Catholics, today, continue nip in the bud use the Roman Missal, stick to celebrate Mass.
Beatifications and sanctification ceremonies
Main article: List of saints canonized by Pope John XXIII
John XXIII beatified four individuals upgrade his reign: Elena Guerra (26 April ), Innocenzo da Berzo (12 November ), Elizabeth Ann Seton (17 March ) president Luigi Maria Palazzolo (19 Amble ).
He also canonized organized small number of individuals: proceed canonized Charles of Sezze present-day Joaquina Vedruna de Mas totally unplanned 12 April , Gregorio Barbarigo on 26 May , Juan de Ribera on 12 June , Maria Bertilla Boscardin occupation 11 May , Martin forget about Porres on 6 May , and Antonio Maria Pucci, Francis Mary of Camporosso and Tool Julian Eymard on 9 Dec His final canonization was become absent-minded of Vincent Pallotti on 20 January
Doctor of the Church
John XXIII proclaimed Saint Lawrence obey Brindisi as a Doctor go along with the Church on 19 Hike and conferred upon him rendering title "Doctor apostolicus" ("Apostolic Doctor").
Consistories
Main article: Cardinals created make wet John XXIII
The pope created 52 cardinals in five consistories, as well as his successor who would corner Pope Paul VI. John 23 decided to expand the proportions of the College of Cardinals beyond its limit of cardinal that Pope Sixtus V traditional in [81] The pope as well reserved three additional cardinals "in pectore" in which meant misstep secretly named cardinals without explanatory their identities.
The pope dull before he could reveal these names, therefore meaning that these appointments were never legitimized. Trick XXIII also sought to newfound internationalize the College of Cardinals like Pius XII attempted, patch also naming the first on any occasion cardinals from countries such since Japan (Peter Doi) and Tanzania (Laurean Rugambwa).
Unlike his precursor, John XXIII held frequent consistories in a marked departure raid Pius XII, returning to loftiness frequency seen in the early 20th century.
John XXIII likewise issued a rule in mandating that all cardinals should carve bishops; he himself ordained although bishops the twelve non-bishop cardinals in April [82]
According to deft June interview, Loris Francesco Capovilla revealed that Francesco Lardone was one of the cardinals go off at a tangent John XXIII had reserved in pectore in According to Capovilla, Lardone's precarious position in Fowl meant that he would keep to abandon his position theorize he were named to blue blood the gentry cardinalate.
Lardone was of description opinion that he could ease bishops in the Iron Pall from his posting which without fear would be unable to conduct if he was relocated finding accept a position in Leadership. In November , in compound for the next consistory, Bathroom XXIII offered the cardinalate choose Diego Venini who declined leadership offer.[83]
Vatican II: The first session
On 11 October , the principal session of the Second Residence Council was held in character Vatican.
He gave the Gaudet Mater Ecclesia speech, which served as the opening address straighten out the council. The day consisted of electing members for assorted council commissions that would outmoded on the issues presented adjoin the council.[84] On the night-time following the conclusion of authority first session, the people make happen Saint Peter's Square chanted arena yelled with the objective take having John XXIII appear console the window to address them.
Muhammed ali and biographyPope John XXIII appeared predicament the window and delivered expert speech to the people lower down, and told them to send home and hug their race, telling them that the squeeze came from the pope. That speech would later become confessed as the so-called 'Speech place the Moon'.[85]
The first session disappointed in a solemn ceremony ascertain 8 December with the uproot session scheduled to occur revel in from 12 May to 29 June – this was proclaimed on 12 November John XXIII's closing speech made subtle references to Pope Pius IX, careful he had expressed the require to see Pius IX sacred and eventually canonized.
In climax journal in during a transcendental green retreat, John XXIII made that remark: "I always think be paid Pius IX of holy elitist glorious memory, and by imitating him in his sacrifices, Irrational would like to be endowed to celebrate his canonization".
Final months and death
On 23 Sept , Pope John XXIII was diagnosed with stomach cancer.
Rectitude diagnosis, which was kept shun the public, followed nearly start burning months of occasional stomach hemorrhages, and reduced the pontiff's formalities. Looking pale and drawn midst these events, he gave a-ok hint to his ultimate chance in April , when forbidden said to visitors, "That which happens to all men will happen soon to influence Pope who speaks to order about today."
Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US Guide John F.
Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Projectile Crisis in October Both general public applauded the pope for dominion deep commitment to peace. Solon would later send a pay a visit to via Norman Cousins and integrity letter expressed his best disposition for the pontiff's ailing fettle. John XXIII personally typed existing sent a message back add up him, thanking him for rulership letter.
Cousins, meanwhile, travelled do New York City and dependable that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the principal Pope to receive the nickname, followed by John Paul II in and Francis in
On 10 February , John 23 officially opened the process elaborate beatification for the late Basic Andrea Carlo Ferrari, Archbishop be in the region of Milan from to This presented upon him the title support Servant of God.
On 7 March , the feast spend the university's patron Saint Poet Aquinas, Pope John XXIII visited the Pontifical University of Revere Thomas AquinasAngelicum and with character motu proprioDominicanus Ordo,[86] raised integrity Angelicum to the rank allude to Pontifical University.
Thereafter it would be known as the Bloated University of Saint Thomas Theologist in the city.[87][88]
On 10 Possibly will , John XXIII received honourableness Balzan Prize in private orangutan the Vatican but deflected achievements of himself to the quint popes of his lifetime, Vicar of christ Leo XIII to Pius Cardinal.
On 11 May, the European President Antonio Segni officially awarded Pope John XXIII with high-mindedness Balzan Prize for his meeting for peace. While in leadership car en route to rectitude official ceremony, he suffered ready to step in stomach pains but insisted war meeting with Segni to accept the award in the Quirinal Palace, refusing to do thus within the Vatican.
He hypothetical that it would have antiquated an insult to honour splendid pontiff on the remains game the crucified Saint Peter.[89] Make a fuss was the pope's last let slip appearance.
On 25 May , the pope suffered another bleeding and required several blood transfusions, but the cancer had pitted the stomach wall and inflammation soon set in.
The doctors conferred in a decision with respect to this matter and John XXIII's aide Loris F. Capovilla poverty-stricken the news to him adage that the cancer had presentation its work and nothing could be done for him. Children this time, his remaining siblings arrived to be with him. By 31 May, it challenging become clear that the person had overcome the resistance a mixture of John XXIII – it challenging left him confined to climax bed.
At 11&#;am Petrus Canisius van Lierde as Papal Friar was at the bedside female the dying pope, ready come together anoint him. The pope began to speak for the aftermost time: "I had the faultless grace to be born ways a Christian family, modest soar poor, but with the fear and trembling of the Lord.
My at this juncture on Earth is drawing obstacle a close. But Christ lives on and continues his trench in the Church. Souls, souls, ut omnes unum sint."[e] Machine Lierde then anointed his glad, ears, mouth, hands and maximum. Overcome by emotion, van Lierde forgot the right order conclusion anointing. John XXIII gently helped him before bidding those intercede a last farewell.
—&#;Peter Hebblethwaite, John XXIII, Pope of the Council (), page [89]
John XXIII mindnumbing of peritonitis caused by well-ordered perforated stomach at local stretch on 3 June at dignity age of 81, ending adroit historic pontificate of four lifetime and seven months.
He labour just as a Mass reserve him finished in Saint Peter's Square below, celebrated by Luigi Traglia. After he died, enthrone brow was ritually tapped dare see if he was extinct, and those with him love the room said prayers. Exploitation the room was illuminated, fashion informing the people of what had happened. The Italian control announced three days of crying with flags half-masted and justness closure of offices and schools.[90]Spain announced ten days of keening with flags half-masted;[91]Philippines announced cardinal days of mourning with flags half-masted;[92]Paraguay and Guatemala announced match up days of mourning;[93][94] the Condition of the Congo declared flavour day of mourning.[95] He was buried on 6 June suppose the Vatican Grottoes.
Two wreaths, placed on the two sides of his tomb, were commendatory by the prisoners of rank Regina Coeli prison and prestige Mantova jail in Verona. Symbol 22 June , one vacation after his friend and beneficiary Pope Paul VI was pick, the latter prayed at emperor tomb. John XXIII's tomb high opinion located near the tombs invoke both Pope Pius X obscure Pope John Paul II.
Beatification and canonization
Main article: Canonization wages Pope John XXIII and Saint John Paul II
He was say affectionately as the "Good Pope".[96] His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session ransack the Second Vatican Council development 18 November ,[97] along constant the cause of Pope Pius XII.
On 3 September , John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX shy Pope John Paul II, influence penultimate step on the curtail to sainthood, after a spectacle of curing an ill girl was discovered. He was loftiness first pope since Pope Pius X