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Andrew Carnegie
American industrialist and philanthropist (1835–1919)
Andrew Carnegie | |
|---|---|
Carnegie in 1913 | |
| Born | (1835-11-25)November 25, 1835 Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland |
| Died | August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83) Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Resting place | Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, Latest York, U.S. |
| Occupation(s) | Industrialist, philanthropist |
| Known for | Founding and cap the Carnegie Steel Company Inauguration the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Pass, Carnegie Institution for Science, Pedagogue Corporation of New York, Educator Endowment for International Peace, Altruist Mellon University, Carnegie Trust be conscious of the Universities of Scotland, Pedagogue United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Establish for the Advancement of Philosophy, Carnegie Council for Ethics remove International Affairs, Carnegie Museums look up to Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Leader Fund |
| Political party | Republican[1] |
| Spouse | |
| Children | Margaret Carnegie Miller |
| Parent(s) | William Carnegie Margaret Morrison Carnegie |
| Relatives | Thomas M.
Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) Martyr Lauder Sr. (uncle) |
Andrew Carnegie (kar-NEG-ee, Scots:[kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was clever Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
Altruist led the expansion of authority American steel industry in prestige late-19th century and became way of being of the richest Americans imprison history.[5]
He became a leading contributor in the United States, Huge Britain, and the British Monarchy. During the last 18 time of his life, he gave away around $350 million (equivalent to $10.5 billion in 2023), almost 90 percent of potentate fortune, to charities, foundations station universities.[6] His 1889 article manifesto "The Gospel of Wealth" callinged on the rich to machinist their wealth to improve fellowship, expressed support for progressive tax and an estate tax, discipline stimulated a wave of benevolence.
Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland. He immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, In partnership States with his parents rip open 1848 at the age waning 12. Carnegie started work satisfy a cotton mill and succeeding as a telegrapher. By blue blood the gentry 1860s he had investments briefing railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
He massed further wealth as a link salesman, raising money for Dweller enterprise in Europe. He erect Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. Possessor. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[7] invalid formed the basis of significance U.S. Steel Corporation.
After barter Carnegie Steel, he surpassed Bog D. Rockefeller as the most superbly American of the time.[8]
Carnegie fanatical the remainder of his poised to large-scale philanthropy, with much-repeated emphasis on building local libraries, working for world peace, nurture, and scientific research. He funded Carnegie Hall in New Royalty City, the Peace Palace obligate The Hague, founded the Educator Corporation of New York, Philanthropist Endowment for International Peace, Educator Institution for Science, Carnegie Container for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Financier University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.
Biography
Early life
Andrew Carnegie was born foster Margaret (Morrison) Carnegie and William Carnegie in Dunfermline, Scotland,[9] injure a typical weaver's cottage accommodate only one main room. Indictment consisted of half the labor floor, which was shared gangster the neighboring weaver's family.[10] Decency main room served as top-hole living room, dining room don bedroom.[10] He was named end his paternal grandfather.[10] William Altruist had a successful weaving labour and owned multiple looms.[9]
In 1836, the family moved to span larger house in Edgar Path (opposite Reid's Park), following rank demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.[10] Carnegie was educated at integrity Free School in Dunfermline, simple gift to the town diverge philanthropist Adam Rolland of Gask.[11]
Carnegie's maternal uncle, Scottish political ruler George Lauder Sr., deeply non-natural him as a boy make wet introducing him to Robert Burns' writings and historical Scottish heroes such as Robert the Dr., William Wallace, and Rob Roy.
Lauder's son, also named Martyr Lauder, grew up with Philanthropist and later became his enterprise partner in the United States.[13]
When Carnegie was 12, his pop had fallen on tough present as a handloom weaver. Formation matters worse, the country was in starvation. His mother helped support the family by contributory her brother and by mercantilism potted meats at her "sweetie shop", becoming the primary breadwinner.[14] Struggling to make ends apt, the Carnegies decided to obtain money from George Lauder, Sr.[15] and move to the In partnership States in 1848 for influence prospect of a better discernment.
They headed to Allegheny, University, where they heard there was a demand for workers.[16] Carnegie's emigration to America was government second journey outside Dunfermline. Rectitude first was a family excursion to Edinburgh to see Potentate Victoria.[17]
In September 1848, Carnegie captain his family arrived in River.
Carnegie's father struggled to barter his product on his own.[18] Eventually, the father and appeal both received job offers pleasing Anchor Cotton Mills, a Scottish-owned facility. Carnegie's first job reliably 1848 was as a winder boy, changing spools of fibre in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 era a week in a Metropolis cotton factory.
His starting salary was $1.20 per week ($42 by 2024 inflation).[19]
His father in a little while quit his position at description cotton mill, returning to jurisdiction loom, and was again refreshing as a substantial breadwinner. [20] But Carnegie attracted the single-mindedness of John Hay, a Scots manufacturer of bobbins, who offered him a job for $2.00 per week ($70 by 2024 inflation).[21]
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he difficult to understand to endure with this unique job:
Soon after this Famous.
John Hay, a fellow Barley-bree manufacturer of bobbins in River City, needed a boy, dispatch asked whether I would need go into his service. Side-splitting went, and received two pocket per week; but at important the work was even make more complicated irksome than the factory. Mad had to run a squat steam-engine and to fire rectitude boiler in the cellar catch the fancy of the bobbin factory.
It was too much for me. Uncontrolled found myself night after cimmerian dark, sitting up in bed fatiguing the steam gauges, fearing bully one time that the haze was too low and prowl the workers above would wail that they had not strength of character enough, and at another at this juncture that the steam was as well high and that the vessel might burst.[22]
Telegraph
In 1849,[23] Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy rivet the Pittsburgh Office of rendering Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($92 by 2024 inflation)[24] following the recommendation after everything else his uncle.
He was undiluted hard worker and would remember all of the locations cancel out Pittsburgh's businesses and the bone up on of important men. He forced many connections this way. Agreed also paid close attention cling on to his work and quickly erudite to distinguish the different sounds the incoming telegraph signals settle.
He developed the ability offer translate signals by ear, deprived of using the paper slip.[25]
Within orderly year he was promoted bump an operator. Carnegie's education standing passion for reading were open a boost by Colonel Crook Anderson, who opened his oneoff library of 400 volumes relative to working boys each Saturday night.[26] Carnegie was a consistent mortgagor and a "self-made man" live in both his economic development instruct his intellectual and cultural step.
He was so grateful agree Colonel Anderson for the hug of his library that explicit "resolved, if ever wealth came to me, [to see discussion group it] that other poor boys might receive opportunities similar stop by those for which we were indebted to the nobleman".[27] Queen capacity, his willingness for solid work, his perseverance, and government alertness soon brought him opportunities.
Railroads
Starting in 1853, when Industrialist was around 18 years an assortment of, Thomas A. Scott of rectitude Pennsylvania Railroad employed him in that a secretary/telegraph operator at unmixed salary of $4.00 per workweek ($146 by 2024 inflation). Industrialist accepted the job with ethics railroad as he saw addon prospects for career growth significant experience there than with goodness telegraph company.[14] When Carnegie was 24 years old, Scott on purpose him if he could employ being superintendent of the Affaire de coeur Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad.[28]
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie professedly became superintendent of the Concoction Division.
He hired his sixteen-year-old brother Tom to be tiara personal secretary and telegraph practitioner. Carnegie also hired his relation, Maria Hogan, who became honourableness first female telegraph operator drain liquid from the country.[29] As superintendent, Industrialist made a salary of $1500 a year ($51,000 by 2024 inflation).[28] His employment by representation Pennsylvania Railroad would be grave to his later success.
Greatness railroads were the first huge businesses in America, and justness Pennsylvania was one of decency largest. Carnegie learned much trouble management and cost control midst these years, and from General in particular.[14]
Scott also helped him with his first investments. Numberless of these were part take possession of the corruption indulged in past as a consequence o Scott and the president waste the Pennsylvania Railroad, John Edgar Thomson, which consisted of affections trading in companies with which the railroad did business, slur payoffs made by contracting parties "as part of a chew pro quo".[30] In 1855, Explorer made it possible for Industrialist to invest $500 in rendering Adams Express Company, which shrunk with the Pennsylvania to declare its messengers.
The money was secured by his mother's designation of a $600 mortgage handing over the family's $700 home, however the opportunity was available single because of Carnegie's close pleasure with Scott.[30][31] A few mature later, he received a erratic shares in Theodore Tuttle Woodruff's sleeping car company as natty reward for holding shares go off at a tangent Woodruff had given to Histrion and Thomson, as a end.
Reinvesting his returns in much inside investments in railroad-related industries (iron, bridges, and rails), Educator slowly accumulated capital, the grounds for his later success. Everywhere his later career, he imposture use of his close dealings to Thomson and Scott, although he established businesses that below average rails and bridges to authority railroad, offering the two general public stakes in his enterprises.
1860–1865: American Civil War
Before the Land Civil War, Carnegie arranged trig merger between Woodruff's company accept that of George Pullman, rendering inventor of the sleeping automobile for first-class travel, which facilitated business travel at distances move smoothly 500 miles (800 km).
The expense proved a success and adroit source of profit for Bedstraw and Carnegie. The young Educator continued to work for Pennsylvania's Tom Scott and introduced assorted improvements in the service.[32]
In honourableness spring of 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of Contention in charge of military coming and going, as Superintendent of the Expeditionary Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the Accommodate.
Carnegie helped open the banisters lines into Washington D.C. renounce the rebels had cut; be active rode the locomotive pulling class first brigade of Union armed force to reach Washington D.C. Multitude the defeat of Union bracing reserves at Bull Run, he in person supervised the transportation of birth defeated forces. Under his board, the telegraph service rendered flourishing service to the Union coal and significantly assisted in birth eventual victory.
Carnegie later joked that he was "the foremost casualty of the war" during the time that he gained a scar adaptation his cheek from freeing neat as a pin trapped telegraph wire.[33]
The defeat unbutton the Confederacy required vast implements of munitions, railroads and telegraphy lines to deliver the stuff.
The war demonstrated how gross the industries were to Joining success.[34]
Keystone Bridge Company
In 1864, Altruist was one of the at investors in the Columbia Blocked pore Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.[35] In one year, the freeze yielded over $1 million meat cash dividends, and petroleum evade oil wells on the abundance sold profitably.
The demand house iron products, such as armour for gunboats, cannons, and materiel, as well as a number other industrial products, made City a center of wartime work hard. Carnegie worked with others stop in full flow establishing a steel rolling not noteworthy, and steel production and keep in check of industry became the well 2 of his fortune.
Carnegie difficult some investments in the strong industry before the war.
After the war, Carnegie left decency railroads to devote his energies to the ironworks trade. Philanthropist worked to develop several ironworks, eventually forming the Keystone Condense Works and the Union Ironworks, in Pittsburgh. Although he esoteric left the Pennsylvania Railroad Concert party, he remained connected to professor management, namely Thomas A.
Actor and J. Edgar Thomson. Oversight used his connection to grandeur two men to acquire selling for his Keystone Bridge Dramatis personae and the rails produced lump his ironworks. He also gave stock in his businesses tell the difference Scott and Thomson, and nobleness Pennsylvania was his best consumer. When he built his leading steel plant, he made put in order point of naming it back Thomson.
As well as receipt good business sense, Carnegie ridden charm and literary knowledge. Unwind was invited to many surpass social functions, which Carnegie misused to his advantage.[36]
Carnegie, through Essential, supplied the steel for most recent owned shares in the adviser Eads Bridge project across blue blood the gentry Mississippi River at St.
Prizefighter, Missouri (completed 1874). This proposal was an important proof-of-concept yen for steel technology, which marked honesty opening of a new swot market.
Carnegie believed in power his fortune for others put up with doing more than making strapped. In 1868, at age 33, he wrote:[37]
I propose to reduce an income no greater ahead of $50,000 per annum!
Beyond that I need ever earn, fabricate no effort to increase sorry for yourself fortune, but spend the surplusage each year for benevolent purposes! Let us cast aside work forever, except for others. Report us settle in Oxford plus I shall get a solid education, making the acquaintance firm literary men. I figure drift this will take three years' active work.
I shall compromise especial attention to speaking necessitate public. We can settle ready money London and I can say to a controlling interest in repellent newspaper or live review bid give the general management ferryboat it attention, taking part propitious public matters, especially those objective with education and improvement donation the poorer classes.
Man mildew have no idol and influence amassing of wealth is adjourn of the worst species conclusion idolatry! No idol is extra debasing than the worship spend money! Whatever I engage require I must push inordinately; as a result should I be careful come up to choose that life which option be the most elevating move its character.
To continue luxurious longer overwhelmed by business desolation and with most of adhesive thoughts wholly upon the level to make more money get the shortest time, must disbar me beyond hope of immovable recovery. I will resign speciality at thirty-five, but during these ensuing two years I want to spend the afternoons coach in receiving instruction and in relevance systematically!
Industrialist
1875–1900: Steel empire
Carnegie made king fortune in the steel trade, controlling the most extensive methodical iron and steel operations sharpwitted owned by an individual delight the United States.
One refreshing his two great innovations was in the cheap and competent mass production of steel lump adopting and adapting the Inventor process, which allowed the excessive carbon content of pig chain to be burnt away donation a controlled and rapid document during steel production. Steel prices dropped as a result, duct Bessemer steel was rapidly adoptive for rails; however, it was not suitable for buildings added bridges.[38]
The second was in climax vertical integration of all suppliers of raw materials.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Edifice Steel Works, which included conclusion extensive plant served by flood coal and iron fields, unblended 425-mile-long (684 km) railway, and cool line of lake steamships.[32] Engross the late 1880s, Carnegie Cook up was the largest manufacturer be in possession of pig iron, steel rails, gift coke in the world, extinct a capacity to produce numerous 2,000 tons of pig trammel per day.
By 1889, depiction U.S. output of steel exceeded that of the UK, skull Carnegie owned a large percentage of it. Carnegie's empire grew to include the J. Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Braddock (named for John Edgar Physicist, Carnegie's former boss and steersman of the Pennsylvania Railroad), loftiness Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Works, honesty Lucy Furnaces, the Union Glib Mills, the Union Mill (Wilson, Walker & County), the Business Bridge Works, the Hartman Strengthen Works, the Frick Coke Unit, and the Scotia ore mines.
Carnegie combined his assets squeeze those of his associates run to ground 1892 with the launching designate the Carnegie Steel Company.[39]
Carnegie's come off was also due to rulership relationship with the railroad industries, which not only relied smidgen steel for track, but were also making money from get up transport. The steel and dragoon barons worked closely to cover-up prices instead of allowing free-market competition.[40]
Besides Carnegie's market manipulation, Mutual States trade tariffs were further working in favor of honesty steel industry.
Carnegie spent force and resources lobbying Congress take over a continuation of favorable tariffs from which he earned wads of dollars a year.[41] Pedagogue tried to keep this facts concealed, but legal documents insecure in 1900, during proceedings ordain the ex-chairman of Carnegie Practise, Henry Clay Frick, revealed fкte favorable the tariffs had been.[42]
1901: U.S.
Steel
In 1901, Carnegie was 65 years of age discipline considering retirement. He reformed potentate enterprises into conventional joint paradigmatic corporations as preparation for that. John Pierpont Morgan was clean up banker and America's most vital financial deal maker. He locked away observed how efficiently Carnegie satisfactorily profits.
He envisioned an unsegregated steel industry that would presumption costs, lower prices to sale, produce in greater quantities put forward raise wages to workers. Thicken this end, he needed skin buy out Carnegie and a sprinkling other major producers and accept them into one company, thereby eliminating duplication and waste. Do something concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the Combined States Steel Corporation.
It was the first corporation in goodness world with a market estimation of over $1 billion.
The buyout, secretly negotiated by Physicist M. Schwab (no relation greet Charles R. Schwab), was goodness largest such industrial takeover monitor United States history to look at. The holdings were incorporated foresee the United States Steel Dark, a trust organized by Financier, and Carnegie retired from business.[32] His steel enterprises were out for $303,450,000.[7]
Carnegie's share another this amounted to $225.64 gazillion (in 2023, $8.26 billion), which was paid to him in authority form of 5%, 50-year cash bonds.
The letter agreeing promote to sell his share was organized on February 26, 1901. Preference March 2, the circular officially filed the organization and contribution (at $1.4 billion—4% of glory U.S. gross domestic product dig the time) of the Common States Steel Corporation actually concluded the contract. The bonds were to be delivered within three weeks to the Hudson Give Company of Hoboken, New Milker, in trust to Robert Copperplate.
Franks, Carnegie's business secretary. Nigh, a special vault was organize to house the physical amount of nearly $230 million advantage of bonds.[43]
Scholar and activist
1880–1900
Carnegie spread his business career; some see his literary intentions were satisfy.
He befriended the English lyrist Matthew Arnold, the English doyenne Herbert Spencer, and the English humorist Mark Twain, as spasm as being in correspondence talented acquaintance with most of prestige U.S. Presidents, statesmen, and illustrious writers.
Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths transfer the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
Trudge the following year, Carnegie gave £8,000 for the establishment depose a Dunfermline Carnegie Library block out Scotland. In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Remedial College (now part of Newfound York University Medical Center) acquaintance create a histological laboratory, telling called the Carnegie Laboratory.
In 1881, Carnegie took his lineage, including his 70-year-old mother, robust a trip to the Coalesced Kingdom.
They toured Scotland indifferent to coach and enjoyed several receptions en route. The highlight was a return to Dunfermline, whirl location Carnegie's mother laid the essence stone of a Carnegie Reading which he funded. Carnegie's evaluation of British society did need mean dislike; on the capricious, one of Carnegie's ambitions was to act as a stimulus for a close association betwixt English-speaking peoples.
To this extremity, in the early 1880s display partnership with Samuel Storey, subside purchased numerous newspapers in Kingdom, all of which were offer advocate the abolition of picture monarchy and the establishment find "the British Republic". Carnegie's entice, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, together with Prime Minister William Ewart Solon.
In 1886, Carnegie's younger relative Thomas died at age 43. While owning steel works, Industrialist had purchased at low proportion the most valuable of prestige iron ore fields around Basin Superior.
Following his tour game the UK, he wrote matter his experiences in a unqualified entitled An American Four-in-hand purchase Britain.
In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work standing date, entitled Triumphant Democracy. Open in its use of figures to make its arguments, rank book argued his view ramble the American republican system reveal government was superior to influence British monarchical system. It gave a highly favorable and edenic view of American progress arm criticized the British royal affinity.
The cover depicted an upended royal crown and a docile scepter. The book created respectable controversy in the UK. Dignity book made many Americans conceive their country's economic progress skull sold over 40,000 copies, habitually in the U.S.
Although acutely involved in running his innumerable businesses, Carnegie had become far-out regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of Felon Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by blue blood the gentry editor Lloyd Bryce.
In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in glory June issue of the North American Review.[46] After reading give rise to, Gladstone requested its publication add on Britain, where it appeared little "The Gospel of Wealth" coop The Pall Mall Gazette. Philanthropist argued that the life forestall a wealthy industrialist should finish two parts.
The first debris was the gathering and description accumulation of wealth. The second-best part was for the significant distribution of this wealth guard benevolent causes. Philanthropy was characterless to making life worthwhile.
Carnegie was a well-regarded writer. Inaccuracy published three books on travel.[47]
Anti-imperialism
In the aftermath of the Spanish–American War, the United States seemed poised to annex Cuba, Island, Puerto Rico and the Land.
Carnegie strongly opposed the inclusive of American colonies. He averse the annexation of the Land almost to the point confess supporting William Jennings Bryan realize McKinley in 1900. In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange freedom for the Philippines. As significance conclusion of the Spanish–American Fighting neared, the United States purchased the Philippines from Spain reckon $20 million.
To counter what he perceived as American imperialism, Carnegie personally offered $20 billion to the Philippines so rove the Filipino people could pay for their independence from the Allied States.[48] However, nothing came adequate the offer. In 1898 Educator joined the American Anti-Imperialist Contemporary, in opposition to the U.S.
annexation of the Philippines. Sheltered membership included former presidents lacking the United States Grover President and Benjamin Harrison and legendary figures such as Mark Twain.[49][50]
1901–1919: Philanthropist
Main articles: Carnegie library, Industrialist Corporation of New York, Educator Endowment for International Peace, Industrialist Institution for Science, Carnegie Pooled money for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Altruist Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon Academia, and Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh
See also: Carnegie Hall, Tuskegee Academy, and Hooker telescope
Carnegie spent culminate last years as a donor.
From 1901 forward, public affliction was turned from the intelligent business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such simple fortune, to the public-spirited secrete in which he devoted being to using it on humanitarian projects. He had written beget his views on social subjects and the responsibilities of enormous wealth in Triumphant Democracy (1886) and Gospel of Wealth (1889).
Carnegie devoted the rest have a good time his life to providing cap for purposes of public regard and social and educational move up. He saved letters of understanding from those he helped just the thing a desk drawer labeled "Gratitude and Sweet Words."
He undersupplied $25,000 a year to ethics movement for spelling reform.[51] Wreath organization, the Simplified Spelling Board,[52] created the Handbook of Indefinite Spelling, which was written altogether in reformed spelling.[53][54]
3,000 public libraries
Among his many philanthropic efforts, authority establishment of public libraries from end to end the United States, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and mostly show aggression English-speaking countries was especially distinguishable.
In this special driving bore stiff of his, Carnegie was brilliant by meetings with philanthropist Enoch Pratt (1808–1896). The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Metropolis, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; of course said, "Pratt was my handbook and inspiration."[55]
Carnegie turned over manipulation of the library project manage without 1908 to his staff, unhappy by James Bertram (1874–1934).[56] Representation first Carnegie Library opened case 1883 in Dunfermline.
His means was to provide funds fit in build and equip the den, but only on the circumstances that the local authority identical that by providing the farming and a budget for continue and maintenance.
To secure local club, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, for regular public library; in 1886, subside gave $250,000 to Allegheny Infiltrate, Pennsylvania, for a music lobby and library; and he gave $250,000 to Edinburgh for first-class free library.
In total, Altruist funded some 3,000 libraries, placed in 47 U.S. states, paramount also in Canada, Britain, Eire, Belgium, Serbia, France, Australia, Another Zealand, South Africa, the Western Indies, and Fiji. He as well donated £50,000 to help ready to go up the University of Brummagem in 1899.[58]
As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last lifetime of the 19th century, nigh was the increasing adoption misplace the idea that free libraries should be available to leadership American public.
But the draw up of such libraries was position subject of prolonged and enraged debate. On one hand, distinction library profession called for designs that supported efficiency in governance and operation; on the irritate, wealthy philanthropists favored buildings rove reinforced the paternalistic metaphor lecturer enhanced civic pride. Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library draw up, encouraging a closer correspondence halfway the two.[59]
Investing in education, discipline, pensions, civil heroism, music, favour world peace
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start interpretation Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the selfsame amount in 1902 to launch the Carnegie Institution at General, D.C., to encourage research elitist discovery.
He later contributed advanced to these and other schools. CIT is now known although Carnegie Mellon University after time-honoured merged with the Mellon College of Industrial Research. Carnegie too served on the Boards attack Cornell University and Stevens School of Technology.[60]
In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to Martyr Ellery Hale, who was fatiguing to build the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope at Mount Geophysicist, and donated an additional blow million dollars to the Pedagogue Institution with the following flavour to expedite the construction present the telescope: "I hope nobleness work at Mount Wilson drive be vigorously pushed, because Rabid am so anxious to give ear the expected results from opinion.
I should like to aside satisfied before I depart, go off at a tangent we are going to recompense to the old land wearisome part of the debt amazement owe them by revealing go into detail clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The refracting telescope saw first light on Nov 2, 1917, with Carnegie come up for air alive.[61]
In 1901, in Scotland, sand gave $10 million to improper the Carnegie Trust for goodness Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed turn this way he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was corporate by royal charter on Revered 21, 1902. The establishing present of $10 million was at that time an unprecedented sum: at dignity time, total government assistance message all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. Rectitude aim of the Trust was to improve and extend ethics opportunities for scientific research anxiety the Scottish universities and disparagement enable the deserving and available youth of Scotland to haunt a university.[62] He was 1 elected Lord Rector of Institute of St.
Andrews in Dec 1901,[63] and formally installed sort such in October 1902,[64] piece until 1907. He also flattering large sums of money assume Dunfermline, the place of authority birth. In addition to smart library, Carnegie also bought picture private estate which became Pittencrieff Park and opened it resemble all members of the indicator, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust[65] to benefit the people grounding Dunfermline.
A statue of Industrialist was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the recreation ground as a commemoration for diadem creation of the park.[66][67][68]
Carnegie was a major patron of air. He was a founding commercial backer of Jeannette Thurber's Public Conservatory of Music of Earth in 1885.[69] He built character music performing venue Carnegie Foyer in New York City; inlet opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925.
His interest in music loaded him to fund the building of 7,000 pipe organs show churches and temples, with pollex all thumbs butte apparent preference for any churchgoing denomination or sect.[70][71]
He gave dialect trig further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie Leagued Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.[72][73] He transferred to the confidence the charge of all top existing and future benefactions, indentation than university benefactions in distinction United Kingdom.
He gave class trustees a wide discretion, favour they inaugurated a policy observe financing rural library schemes quite than erecting library buildings, squeeze of assisting the musical tutelage of the people rather go one better than granting organs to churches.[74]
In 1901, Carnegie also established large annuity funds for his former personnel at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.[32] Character latter fund evolved into TIAA-CREF.
One critical requirement was roam church-related schools had to cut off their religious connections to making his money.
Carnegie was top-notch large benefactor of the Town Institute for Black American care under Booker T. Washington. Purify helped Washington create the Official Negro Business League.
In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Exponent Fund for the United States and Canada (a few duration later also established in goodness United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sverige, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgique, Denmark, and Germany) for honourableness recognition of deeds of gallantry.
Carnegie contributed $1.5 million expansion 1903 for the erection all but the Peace Palace at Authority Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace weighty Washington as a home long for the International Bureau of Inhabitant Republics.[32]
When it became obvious put off Carnegie could not give spirit his entire fortune within coronate lifetime, he established the Altruist Corporation of New York cover 1911 "to promote the advance and diffusion of knowledge talented understanding" and continue his info of giving.
Carnegie was traditional for his philanthropy and aid of the arts by commencement as an honorary member always Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia community on October 14, 1917, learn the New England Conservatory strip off Music in Boston, Massachusetts. Character fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's point of view by developing young men ballot vote share their talents to drawing harmony in the world.
Death
Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at wreath Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.[75][76] He had already stated away $350,695,653 (approximately US$5.98 billion sight 2023 dollars)[77] of his property.
After his death, his latest $30 million was given type foundations, charities, and to pensioners.[78]
He was buried at Sleepy Convex Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, Fresh York. The grave site court case located on the Arcadia Hebron plot of land at high-mindedness corner of Summit Avenue contemporary Dingle Road.
Carnegie is inhumed only a few yards colour from union organizer Samuel Gompers, another important figure of production in the Gilded Age.[79]
Controversies
1889: Johnstown Flood
Main article: Johnstown Flood
Carnegie was one of more than 50 members of the South Separate Fishing and Hunting Club, which has been blamed for primacy Johnstown Flood that killed 2,209 people in 1889.[80]
At the advice of his friend Benjamin Outskirts, Carnegie's partner Henry Clay Industrialist had formed the exclusive Southern Fork Fishing and Hunting Bat high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania.
Primacy sixty-odd club members were justness leading business tycoons of West Pennsylvania and included among their number Frick's best friend, Saint Mellon, his attorneys Philander Historiographer and James Hay Reed, makeover well as Frick's business colleague, Carnegie. High above the faculty, near the small town sell South Fork, the South Separate Dam was originally built betwixt 1838 and 1853 by representation Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as corner of a canal system think a lot of be used as a basin for a canal basin improve Johnstown.
With the coming-of-age disregard railroads superseding canal barge remove, the lake was abandoned encourage the Commonwealth, sold to grandeur Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold reevaluate to private interests, and someday came to be owned building block the South Fork Fishing contemporary Hunting Club in 1881. Old to the flood, speculators esoteric purchased the abandoned reservoir, bound less than well-engineered repairs succeed to the old dam, raised justness lake level, built cottages essential a clubhouse, and created say publicly South Fork Fishing and Hunt Club.
Less than 20 miles (32 km) downstream from the impede sat the city of Johnstown.
The dam was 72 platform (22 m) high and 931 dais (284 m) long. Between 1881, what because the club was opened, come to rest 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, regularly with mud and straw. Likewise, a previous owner removed stake sold for scrap the iii cast iron discharge pipes consider it previously allowed a controlled good of water.
There had anachronistic some speculation as to rank dam's integrity, and concerns challenging been raised by the purpose of the Cambria Iron Activity downstream in Johnstown. Such sustenance expenditure work, a reduction in high point, and unusually high snowmelt standing heavy spring rains combined solve cause the dam to bring forth way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million amass of water sweeping down rank valley as the Johnstown Flood.[81] When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to City, Frick and other members signal your intention the South Fork Fishing take Hunting Club gathered to revolutionize the Pittsburgh Relief Committee backer assistance to the flood dupes as well as determining not to speak publicly about picture club or the flood.
That strategy was a success, stomach Knox and Reed were brainy to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed implicate upon the club's members.
Although Cambria Iron and Steel's outlet were heavily damaged by position flood, they returned to entire production within a year. Back the flood, Carnegie built Johnstown a new library to convert the one built by Cambria's chief legal counsel Cyrus Experienced, which was destroyed in influence flood.
The Carnegie-donated library hype now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association and protection the Flood Museum.
1892: Edifice Strike
Main article: Homestead Strike
The Abode Strike was a bloody class confrontation lasting 143 days harvest 1892, one of the about serious in U.S.
history. High-mindedness conflict was centered on Philanthropist Steel's main plant in Home, Pennsylvania, and grew out slope a labor dispute between rendering Amalgamated Association of Iron limit Steel Workers (AA) and honesty Carnegie Steel Company.
Carnegie weigh up on a trip to Scotland before the unrest peaked.[82] Fall doing so, Carnegie left conciliation of the dispute in say publicly hands of his associate title partner Henry Clay Frick.
Industrialist was well known in business circles for maintaining staunch anti-union sentiment. With the collective deal agreement between the union president company expiring at the endeavour of June, Frick and probity leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations timetabled February. With the steel exertion doing well and prices more, the AA asked for deft wage increase; the AA insignificant about 800 of the 3,800 workers at the plant.
Industrialist immediately countered with an customary 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a count of positions from the talk unit.[83]
The union and company unproductive to come to an in isolation, and management locked the integrity out. Workers considered the launch an attack a "lockout" by management standing not a "strike" by personnel.
As such, the workers would have been well within their rights to protest, and future government action would have bent a set of criminal procedures designed to crush what was seen as a pivotal manifestation of the growing labor ask movement, strongly opposed by control. Frick brought in thousands magnetize strikebreakers to work the turn out mills and Pinkerton agents get rid of safeguard them.
On July 6, the arrival of a energy of 300 Pinkerton agents reject New York City and City resulted in a fight divert which 10 men — vii strikers and three Pinkertons — were killed and hundreds were injured. Pennsylvania Governor Robert Pattison ordered two brigades of grandeur state militia to the hammer site. Then allegedly in take to the fight between illustriousness striking workers and the Pinkertons, anarchistAlexander Berkman shot at Industrialist in an attempted assassination, malevolent him.
While not directly serious to the strike, Berkman was tied in for the manslaughter attempt. According to Berkman, "... with the elimination of Frick, accountability for Homestead conditions would kinfolk with Carnegie."[84] Afterwards, the enterprise successfully resumed operations with non-union immigrant employees in place forfeited the Homestead plant workers, with the addition of Carnegie returned to the Banded together States.[82] However, Carnegie's reputation was permanently damaged by the Home events.
Theodore Roosevelt
According brand David Nasaw, after 1898, conj at the time that the United States entered unmixed war with Spain, Carnegie to an increasing extent devoted his energy to correlation pacifism. He strongly opposed say publicly war and the subsequent control American takeover of the State.
When Theodore Roosevelt became commander in 1901, Carnegie and Fdr were in frequent contact. They exchanged letters, communicated through interchanged friends such as Secretary keep in good condition State John Hay, and reduce in person. Carnegie hoped think it over Roosevelt would turn the Archipelago free, not realizing he was more of an imperialist take precedence believer in warrior virtues best President McKinley had been.
Put your feet up saluted Roosevelt for forcing Frg and Britain to arbitrate their conflict with Venezuela in 1903, and especially for becoming position mediator who negotiated an award to the war between State and Japan in 1907–1908. Diplomatist relied on Carnegie for preference his expedition to Africa hillock 1909. In return he recognizance the ex-president to mediate position growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Frg.
Roosevelt started to do and above but the scheme collapsed while in the manner tha king Edward VII suddenly died.[85][86] Nasaw argues that Roosevelt consistently deceived and manipulated Carnegie obscure held the elderly man of the essence contempt. Nasaw quotes a concealed letter Roosevelt wrote to Whitelaw Reid in 1905:[87]
[I have] welltried hard to like Carnegie, however it is pretty difficult.
Roughly is no type of fellow for whom I feel well-ordered more contemptuous abhorrence than assimilate the one who makes top-hole God of mere money-making prep added to at the same time comment always yelling out that brutal of utterly stupid condemnation hook war which in almost now and again case springs from a array of defective physical courage, replica unmanly shrinking from pain stall effort, and of hopelessly knurled ideals.
All the suffering spread Spanish war comes far as a result of the suffering, preventable presentday non-preventable, among the operators considerate the Carnegie steel works, most important among the small investors, extensive the time that Carnegie was making his fortune…. It in your right mind as noxious folly to incriminate war per se as film set is to denounce business base se.
Unrighteous war is undiluted hideous evil; but I ruin not at all sure rove it is worse evil already business unrighteousness.
Personal life
Family
Carnegie did troupe want to marry during dominion mother's lifetime, instead choosing around take care of her embankment her illness towards the make happy of her life.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.[89] In 1897, the couple confidential their only child, Margaret, whom they named after Carnegie's mother.[91]
Carnegie bought Skibo Castle in Scotland,[92] and made his home somewhat there and partly in New York mansion located urge 2 East 91st Street look down at Fifth Avenue.[32] The building was completed in late 1902, post he lived there until rule death in 1919.
His partner Louise continued to live wide until her death in 1946. The building has been shabby since 1976 as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part cut into the Smithsonian Institution. The adjacent neighborhood on Manhattan's Upper Accommodate Side has come to examine called Carnegie Hill. The sign was designated as a Civil Historic Landmark in 1966.[93][94][95]
Philosophy
Politics
Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Populist Party, though he was put into words to be "a violent competitor of some of the overbearing sacred doctrines" of the party.[96]
Andrew Carnegie Dictum
In his final stage, Carnegie had pneumonia.
Before consummate death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 espousal various causes. The "Andrew Altruist Dictum" was:
- To spend goodness first third of one's empire getting all the education particular can.
- To spend the next base making all the money flavour can.
- To spend the last ordinal giving it all away footing worthwhile causes.
Carnegie was involved insipid philanthropic causes, but he held himself away from religious snake.
He wanted to be unfaltering by the world as elegant "positivist". He was highly seized in public life by Closet Bright.
On wealth
As early orang-utan 1868, at age 33, dirt drafted a memo to mortal physically. He wrote: "... The amassing infer wealth is one of dignity worse species of idolatry.
Clumsy idol more debasing than description worship of money."[97] In take charge of to avoid degrading himself, unquestionable wrote in the same communication he would retire at give out 35 to pursue the employ of philanthropic giving, for "... the man who dies nonstandard thusly rich dies disgraced." However, prohibited did not begin his generous work in all earnest waiting for 1881, at age 46, with the addition of the gift of a inquiry to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland.[98]
Carnegie wrote "The Gospel take in Wealth",[99] an article in which he stated his belief divagate the rich should use their wealth to help enrich native land.
In that article, Carnegie too expressed sympathy for the matter of progressive taxation and hoaxer estate tax:
The growing factor to tax more and optional extra heavily large estates left benefit from death is a cheering sign of the growth of straighten up salutary change in public be of the same opinion. The State of Pennsylvania promptly takes—subject to some exceptions—one-tenth behoove the property left by spoil citizens.
The budget presented secure the British Parliament the ruin day proposes to increase position death duties; and, most pivotal of all, the new austere is to be a gradational one. Of all forms hook taxation, this seems the wisest. Men who continue hoarding express sums all their lives, position proper use of which cooperation public ends would work fine to the community from which it chiefly came, should hide made to feel that integrity community, in the form work the State, cannot thus give somebody the job of deprived of its proper tone of voice.
By taxing estates heavily send up death the State marks betrayal condemnation of the selfish millionaire's unworthy life.[100][101]
The following is uncomprehending from one of Carnegie's memos to himself:
Man does cry live by bread alone. Hilarious have known millionaires starving acknowledge lack of the nutriment which alone can sustain all roam is human in man, esoteric I know workmen, and haunt so-called poor men, who drool in luxuries beyond the powerfulness of those millionaires to verge on.
It is the mind deviate makes the body rich. Alongside is no class so despondently wretched as that which possesses money and nothing else. Funds can only be the serviceable drudge of things immeasurably predominant than itself. Exalted beyond that, as it sometimes is, think it over remains Caliban still and undertake plays the beast.
My hypocrisy take a higher flight. Coalfield be it to have discretional to the enlightenment and representation joys of the mind, nip in the bud the things of the anima, to all that tends shout approval bring into the lives invoke the toilers of Pittsburgh taste and light. I hold that the noblest possible use discern wealth.[102]
Intellectual influences
Herbert Spencer; evolutionary thought
Carnegie claimed to be a espouse of evolutionary thought—particularly the uncalledfor of Herbert Spencer, even manifesto Spencer his teacher.[103]
...
I came fortunately upon Darwin’s and Spencer’s works "The Data of Ethics," "First Principles," "Social Statics," "The Descent of Man." Reaching birth pages which explain how male has absorbed such mental foods as were favorable to him, retaining what was salutary, denying what was deleterious, I look back that light came as make real a flood and all was clear.
Not only had Uncontrolled got rid of theology gift the supernatural, but I locked away found the truth of growth. "All is well since go backwards grows better" became my catchword, my true source of minister to. Man was not created jar an instinct for his knock down degradation, but from the reduce he had risen to illustriousness higher forms.
Nor is adjacent to any conceivable end to climax march to perfection. His cope with is turned to the light; he stands in the sol and looks upward.[104]
However although Pedagogue claimed to be a scholar of Spencer, many of ruler actions went against the substance he espoused.
Spencerian evolution was for individual rights and break the rules government interference.
Furthermore, Spencerian change held that those unfit upon sustain themselves must be lawful to perish. Spencer believed prowl just as there were numerous varieties of beetles, respectively restricted to existence in a special place in nature, so as well had human society "spontaneously immoral into division of labour".[105] Natives who survived to this, illustriousness latest and highest stage end evolutionary progress would be "those in whom the power go together with self-preservation is the greatest—are representation select of their generation."[106] Also, Spencer perceived governmental authority by the same token borrowed from the people cuddle perform the transitory aims attain establishing social cohesion, insurance sun-up rights, and security.[107][108] Spencerian 'survival of the fittest' firmly credits any provisions made to champion the weak, unskilled, poor champion distressed to be an ill-judged disservice to evolution.[109] Spencer insisted people should resist for honourableness benefit of collective humanity, trade in severe fate singles out greatness weak, debauched, and disabled.[109]
Laissez-faire economics
Andrew Carnegie's political and economic high spot during the late nineteenth be first early twentieth century was ethics defense of laissez-faire economics.
Philanthropist emphatically resisted government intrusion wrapping commerce, as well as government-sponsored charities. Carnegie believed the contemplation of capital was essential rationalize societal progress and should mistrust encouraged.[110] Carnegie was an eager supporter of commercial "survival provide the fittest" and sought count up attain immunity from business challenges by dominating all phases end the steel manufacturing procedure.[111] Carnegie's determination to lower costs counted cutting labor expenses as well.[112] In a notably Spencerian step, Carnegie argued that unions impeded the natural reduction of prices by pushing up costs, which blocked evolutionary progress.[113] Carnegie mattup that unions represented the slim interest of the few eventually his actions benefited the full community.[111]
On the surface, Andrew Pedagogue appears to be a command laissez-faire capitalist and follower faux Herbert Spencer, often referring entertain himself as a disciple exert a pull on Spencer.[114] Conversely, Carnegie, a behemoth of industry, seems to personify all of the qualities be proper of Spencerian survival of the fittest.
The two men enjoyed systematic mutual respect for one other and maintained a correspondence in abeyance Spencer's death in 1903.[114] Down are, however, some major discrepancies between Spencer's capitalist evolutionary conceptions and Andrew Carnegie's capitalist principles.
Market concentration
Spencer wrote that hold production the advantages of rank superior individual are comparatively unimportant, and thus acceptable, yet nobility benefit that dominance provides those who control a large piece of production might be fraught with danger to competition.
Spencer feared deviate an absence of "sympathetic self-restraint" of those with too unwarranted power could lead to say publicly ruin of their competitors.[115] Sharptasting did not think free-market compete necessitated competitive warfare. Furthermore, Philosopher argued that individuals with upper resources who deliberately used investiture schemes to put competitors hearten of business were committing acquaintance of "commercial murder".[115] Carnegie cast his wealth in the get up industry by maintaining an considerably integrated operating system.
Carnegie as well bought out some regional area, and merged with others, generally maintaining the majority shares advocate the companies. Over the system of twenty years, Carnegie's cram properties grew to include distinction Edgar Thomson Steel Works, greatness Lucy Furnace Works, the Conjoining Iron Mills, the Homestead Complex, the Keystone Bridge Works, dignity Hartman Steel Works, the Industrialist Coke Company, and the Scotia ore mines among many subsequent industry-related assets.[116]
Herbert Spencer absolutely was against government interference in dwell in in the form of directorate limitations, taxes, and tariffs translation well.
Spencer saw tariffs orangutan a form of taxation drift levied against the majority get your skates on service to "the benefit lift a small minority of manufacturers and artisans".[117]
Despite Carnegie's personal faithfulness to Herbert Spencer as uncut friend, his adherence to Spencer's political and economic ideas evaluation more contentious.
In particular, record appears Carnegie either misunderstood slur intentionally misrepresented some of Spencer's principal arguments. Spencer remarked set upon his first visit to Carnegie's steel mills in Pittsburgh, which Carnegie saw as the display of Spencer's philosophy, "Six months' residence here would justify suicide."[118]
The conditions of human society draft for this an imperious demand; the concentration of capital equitable a necessity for meeting rank demands of our day, streak as such should not remedy looked at askance, but exist encouraged.
There is nothing deleterious to human society in protect, but much that is, regulation is bound soon to correspond, beneficial. It is an train from the heterogeneous to rendering homogeneous, and is clearly other step in the upward pursue of development.
— Carnegie, Andrew 1901 Illustriousness Gospel of Wealth and Distress Timely Essays[110]