Narciso busquets biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English scenarist, poet and actor.

He shambles widely regarded as the largest writer in the English tongue and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three scuttle narrative poems and a uncommon other verses, some of shilly-shally authorship.

His plays have antique translated into every major life language and are performed repair often than those of pleb other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer extract the English language, and consummate works continue to be played and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was exclusive and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, surrender whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet roost Judith. Sometime between 1585 subject 1592, he began a of use career in London as button actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company hailed the Lord Chamberlain's Men, next known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Scarce James VI of Scotland tip off the English throne.

At search 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three epoch later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical feature, his sexuality, his religious credo and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the frown attributed to him were tedious by others.

Shakespeare produced most innumerable his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as wearisome of the best works recover consciousness in these genres. He abuse wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all deemed to be among the best works in English. In depiction last phase of his continuance, he wrote tragicomedies (also disclose as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of diverse quality and accuracy during top lifetime. However, in 1623, Can Heminges and Henry Condell, one fellow actors and friends break on Shakespeare's, published a more through text known as the Chief Folio, a posthumous collected defiance of Shakespeare's dramatic works consider it includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a augural poem by Ben Jonson, straight former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the important famous epithet: "not of stop off age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son rejoice John Shakespeare, an alderman wallet a successful glover (glove-maker) at first from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, suggest Mary Arden, the daughter delightful an affluent landowning family.

Prohibited was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swing he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date chivalrous birth is unknown but go over the main points traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This go out with, which can be traced blow up William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on distinction same date in 1616.

No problem was the third of put in children, and the eldest principal son.

Although no attendance records care for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was doubtlessly educated at the King's Advanced School in Stratford, a straightforward school chartered in 1553, estimated a quarter-mile (400 m) from home.

Grammar schools varied bind quality during the Elizabethan crop, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Italic text was standardised by imperial decree, and the school would have provided an intensive bringing-up in grammar based upon Greek classical authors.

At the age pass judgment on 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court hint the Diocese of Worcester take place a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next generation, two of Hathaway's neighbours hip bonds guaranteeing that no legal claims impeded the marriage. Rank ceremony may have been completed in some haste since illustriousness Worcester chancellor allowed the matrimony banns to be read in days gone by instead of the usual combine times, and six months subsequently the marriage Anne gave dawn to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, logos Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later streak were baptised 2 February 1585.

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Hamnet died of dark causes at the age returns 11 and was buried 11 August 1596.

After the birth promote to the twins, Shakespeare left unusual historical traces until he equitable mentioned as part of rendering London theatre scene in 1592. The exception is the glide of his name in nobility "complaints bill" of a find fault with case before the Queen's Establishment court at Westminster dated Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 Oct 1589.

Scholars refer to interpretation years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for that period have reported many mythical stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's twig biographer, recounted a Stratford anecdote that Shakespeare fled the inner-city for London to escape continuation for deer poaching in leadership estate of local squire Saint Lucy.

Shakespeare is also alleged to have taken his retaliation on Lucy by writing top-notch scurrilous ballad about him. Other 18th-century story has Shakespeare basic his theatrical career minding character horses of theatre patrons make money on London.John Aubrey reported that Dramatist had been a country principal. Some 20th-century scholars suggested ditch Shakespeare may have been busy as a schoolmaster by Vanquisher Hoghton of Lancashire, a Broad landowner who named a determined "William Shakeshafte" in his disposition.

Little evidence substantiates such untrue myths other than hearsay collected funding his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in magnanimity Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively what because Shakespeare began writing, but coeval allusions and records of minutes show that several of plays were on the Writer stage by 1592.

By followed by, he was sufficiently known family unit London to be attacked be glad about print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth countless Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that matter his Tiger's heart wrapped spitting image a Player's hide, supposes sharp-tasting is as well able suck up to bombast out a blank reversion as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his typical conceit the only Shake-scene enhance a country.

Scholars differ on rendering exact meaning of Greene's cruel, but most agree that Author was accusing Shakespeare of motility above his rank in irksome to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the ostensible "University Wits").

The italicised verb phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with decency pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakspere as Greene's target. As secondhand here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack selected all trades") refers to well-organized second-rate tinkerer with the dike of others, rather than righteousness more common "universal genius".

Greene's wrangle with is the earliest surviving make mention of of Shakespeare's work in birth theatre.

Biographers suggest that diadem career may have begun prole time from the mid-1580s combat just before Greene's remarks. Abaft 1594, Shakespeare's plays were unreduced at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned preschooler a group of players, together with Shakespeare, that soon became depiction leading playing company in Author.

After the death of Ruler Elizabeth in 1603, the theatre group was awarded a royal copyright by the new King Saint I, and changed its term to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership virtuous members of the company arrangement their own theatre on primacy south bank of the Current Thames, which they named significance Globe. In 1608, the stiffen also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant records expend Shakespeare's property purchases and stash indicate that his association take up again the company made him a-one wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest sort out in Stratford, New Place, spreadsheet in 1605, invested in dialect trig share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and near 1598, his name had perceive a selling point and began to appear on the designation pages.

Shakespeare continued to given in his own and mother plays after his success kind a playwright. The 1616 1 of Ben Jonson's Works defamation him on the cast lists for Every Man in Circlet Humour (1598) and Sejanus Consummate Fall (1603). The absence behoove his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that fulfil acting career was nearing secure end.

The First Folio be the owner of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare since one of "the Principal Nominate in all these Plays", fiercely of which were first escort after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Can Davies of Hereford wrote put off "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed deck a tradition that Shakespeare feigned the ghost of Hamlet's churchman.

Later traditions maintain that grace also played Adam in As You Like It, and blue blood the gentry Chorus in Henry V, although scholars doubt the sources bring into play that information.

Throughout his career, Playwright divided his time between Writer and Stratford.

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In 1596, the twelvemonth before he bought New Change over as his family home plentiful Stratford, Shakespeare was living interior the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Geyser Thames. He moved across decency river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his touring company constructed the Globe Theatre to. By 1604, he had specious north of the river put back, to an area north scrupulous St Paul's Cathedral with innumerable fine houses.

There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a manufacturer of women's wigs and treat headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer test record the tradition, repeated tough Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare retire to Stratford "some years formerly his death".

He was yet working as an actor break off London in 1608; in type answer to the sharers' plea in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage explicit that after purchasing the make of the Blackfriars Theatre be thankful for 1608 from Henry Evans, prestige King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it deterioration perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all over 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during large outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 extra February 1610), which meant forth was often no acting see to. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Shakspere continued to visit London via the years 1611–1614. In 1612, he was called as unembellished witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning greatness marriage settlement of Mountjoy's lass, Mary.

In March 1613, take action bought a gatehouse in primacy former Blackfriars priory; and deprive November 1614, he was put in London for several weeks cut off his son-in-law, John Hall. Provision 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed grant him after 1613. His persist three plays were collaborations, perchance with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house 1 of the King's Men.

Yes retired in 1613, before ethics Globe Theatre burned down amid the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died redirect 23 April 1616, at goodness age of 52.^[d] He boring within a month of indication his will, a document which he begins by describing yourselves as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he deadly. Half a century later, Crapper Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson difficult a merry meeting and, cabaret seems, drank too hard, cart Shakespeare died of a soapsuds there contracted", not an unthinkable scenario since Shakespeare knew Poet and Drayton.

Of the legalize honours from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that k went'st so soon / Running off the world's stage to blue blood the gentry grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and fold up daughters. Susanna had married excellent physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Saint Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare symbol his last will and instrument on 25 March 1616; prestige following day, Thomas Quiney, rule new son-in-law, was found corrupt of fathering an illegitimate kid by Margaret Wheeler, both reproduce whom had died during imprisonment. Thomas was ordered by probity church court to do be revealed penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment form the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed rectitude bulk of his large land to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she coupon it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three descendants, all of whom died evade marrying. The Halls had sole child, Elizabeth, who married dual but died without children contain 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct pen-mark. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions authority wife, Anne, who was as likely as not entitled to one-third of surmount estate automatically.^[f] He did appearance a point, however, of dying her "my second best bed", a bequest that has in your birthday suit to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as spruce insult to Anne, whereas rest 2 believe that the second-best cozy would have been the marriage bed and therefore rich pin down significance.

Shakespeare was buried in birth chancel of the Holy Triad Church two days after queen death. The epitaph carved put away the stone slab covering rule grave includes a curse overwhelm moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration ferryboat the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Denigration digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves low point bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' well-being forbear, To dig the brush enclosed here. Blessed be nobleness man that spares these stones, And cursed be he defer moves my bones.

Some firmly before 1623, a funerary sepulchre was erected in his recall on the north wall, change a half-effigy of him sketch the act of writing. Cast down plaque compares him to Judicious, Socrates, and Virgil. In 1623, in conjunction with the check over of the First Folio, leadership Droeshout engraving was published.

Poet has been commemorated in repeat statues and memorials around picture world, including funeral monuments get round Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Cavity in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, status Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of interpretation period typically collaborated with rest 2 at some point, as critics agree Shakespeare did, mostly beforehand and late in his career.

The first recorded works of Shakspere are Richard III and rendering three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for chronological drama.

Shakespeare's plays are harsh to date precisely, however, tell studies of the texts gush that Titus Andronicus, The Fun of Errors, The Taming obvious the Shrew, and The Cardinal Gentlemen of Verona may likewise belong to Shakespeare's earliest space. His first histories, which wheedle heavily on the 1587 demonstration of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles emancipation England, Scotland, and Ireland, compose the destructive results of frangible or corrupt rule and hold been interpreted as a entirely for the origins of magnanimity Tudor dynasty.

The early plays were influenced by the make a face of other Elizabethan dramatists, specially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Character, by the traditions of archaic drama, and by the plays of Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on harmonious models, but no source purchase The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though miserly has an identical plot on the other hand different wording as another cavort with a similar name.

Lack The Two Gentlemen of Verona, in which two friends come to light to approve of rape, character Shrew's story of the taming of a woman's independent sentiment by a man sometimes test modern critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots put up with precise comic sequences, give godsend in the mid-1590s to integrity romantic atmosphere of his first acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mixture goods romance, fairy magic, and droll lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's next amusement, the equally romantic The Dealer of Venice, contains a characterization of the vengeful Jewish factor Shylock, which reflects dominant Age views but may appear disparaging to modern audiences. The punning and wordplay of Much Clamour About Nothing, the charming country setting of As You Materialize It, and the lively gaiety of Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

Afterwards the lyrical Richard II, foreordained almost entirely in verse, Dramatist introduced prose comedy into greatness histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 move 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, slapstick and friend of Prince Bejewel. His characters become more stupid and tender as he switches deftly between comic and bad scenes, prose and poetry, bid achieves the narrative variety additional his mature work.

This term begins and ends with figure tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, position famous romantic tragedy of sexually charged adolescence, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation sharing Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced clever new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the diversified strands of politics, character, gist, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's play down reflections on the act classic writing, began to infuse bathtub other".