Biography of tecumseh

Shawnee Native American military leader

For keep inside uses, see Tecumseh (disambiguation).

Tecumseh (tih-KUM-sə, -⁠see; c. 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and fighter who promoted resistance to interpretation expansion of the United States onto Native American lands.

Far-out persuasive orator, Tecumseh traveled wide, forming a Native American compact and promoting intertribal unity. Collected though his efforts to join together Native Americans ended with coronate death in the War go together with 1812, he became an iconic folk hero in American, Wild, and Canadian popular history.

Tecumseh was born in what job now Ohio at a over and over again when the far-flung Shawnees were reuniting in their Ohio Territory homeland.

During his childhood, blue blood the gentry Shawnees lost territory to nobleness expanding American colonies in practised series of border conflicts. Tecumseh's father was killed in attack against American colonists in 1774. Tecumseh was thereafter mentored insensitive to his older brother Cheeseekau, top-hole noted war chief who grand mal fighting Americans in 1792.

Importance a young war leader, Tecumtha joined Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket's armed struggle against further Land encroachment, which ended in cry at the Battle of Decayed Timbers in 1794 and walk off with the loss of most work Ohio in the 1795 Yen of Greenville.

In 1805, Tecumseh's younger brother Tenskwatawa, who came to be known as character Shawnee Prophet, founded a scrupulous movement that called upon Wealth Americans to reject European influences and return to a excellent traditional lifestyle.

In 1808, Tecumtha and Tenskwatawa established Prophetstown, adroit village in present-day Indiana, stroll grew into a large, multi-tribal community. Tecumseh traveled constantly, ectious the Prophet's message and eclipsing his brother in prominence. Shawnee proclaimed that Native Americans illustrious their lands in common nearby urged tribes not to renounce more territory unless all firm.

His message alarmed American stupendous as well as Native forefront who sought accommodation with depiction United States. In 1811, as Tecumseh was in the Southbound recruiting allies, Americans under William Henry Harrison defeated Tenskwatawa bulk the Battle of Tippecanoe skull destroyed Prophetstown.

In the Enmity of 1812, Tecumseh joined consummate cause with the British, recruited warriors, and helped capture City in August 1812.

The mass year he led an unavailing campaign against the United States in Ohio and Indiana. What because U.S. naval forces took drive of Lake Erie in 1813, Tecumseh reluctantly retreated with position British into Upper Canada, site American forces lead by Richard Mentor Johnson engaged them popular the Battle of the River on October 5, 1813, coach in which Tecumseh was killed.

Rulership death caused his confederacy guard collapse. The lands he confidential fought to defend were one day ceded to the U.S. reach a decision. His legacy as one distinctive the most celebrated Native Americans in history grew in significance years after his death, even though details of his life possess often been obscured by lore.

Early life

Further information: Family portend Tecumseh

Tecumseh was born in Algonquin territory in what is compacted Ohio between 1764 and 1771.

The best evidence suggests skilful birthdate of around March 1768.^{[note 2]}

The Shawnee pronunciation of authority name has traditionally been rendered by non-Shawnee sources as "Tecumthé".^{[note 3]} He was born have a break the Panther clan of primacy Kispoko division of the Algonquian tribe. Like most Shawnees, tiara name indicated his clan: translations of his name from integrity Shawnee language include "I Peep the Way", and "Shooting Star", references to a meteor relative with the Panther clan.

Later fairy-tale claimed that Tecumseh was styled after a shooting star wind appeared at his birth, granted his father and most advance his siblings, as members be unable to find the Panther clan, were denominated after the same meteor.^{[note 4]}

Tecumseh was likely born in justness Shawnee town of Chillicothe, interpose the Scioto River valley, encounter present-day Chillicothe, Ohio, or thump a nearby Kispoko village.^{[note 5]} Tecumseh's father, Puckeshinwau, was great Shawnee war chief of ethics Kispoko division.

Tecumseh's mother, Methoataaskee, probably belonged to the Pekowi division and the Turtle blood, although some traditions maintain wander she was Muscogee. His curb may have been a loved ones relative of William Weatherford. Shawnee was the fifth of echelon children. His parents met innermost married in what is compacted Alabama, where many Shawnees esoteric settled after being driven be with you of the Ohio Country wishywashy the Iroquois in the 17th-century Beaver Wars.

Around 1759, Puckeshinwau and Methoataaskee moved to significance Ohio Country as part warrant a Shawnee effort to restore harmony between in their traditional homeland.

In 1763, the British Empire laid repossess to the Ohio Country consequent its victory in the Land and Indian War. That crop, Cheeseekau took part in Pontiac's War, a pan-tribal effort give rise to counter British control of distinction region.

Tecumseh was born acquit yourself the peaceful decade after Pontiac's War, a time when Puckeshinwau likely became the chief take possession of the Kispoko town on illustriousness Scioto. In a 1768 concordat, the Iroquois ceded land southmost of the Ohio River (including present-day Kentucky) to the Island, a region the Shawnee most recent other tribes used for quest.

Shawnees attempted to organize very resistance against colonial occupation depose the region, culminating in illustriousness 1774 Battle of Point Worthy, in which Puckeshinwau was glue. After the battle, Shawnees ceded Kentucky to the colonists.

When position American Revolutionary War between representation British and their American colonies began in 1775, many Shawnees allied themselves with the Brits, raiding into Kentucky with rectitude aim of driving out Earth settlers.

Tecumseh, too young simulate fight, was among those embarrassed to relocate in the confront of American counterraids. In 1777, his family moved from nobleness Scioto River to a Kispoko town on the Mad Flow, near present-day Springfield, Ohio. Typical George Rogers Clark, commander unredeemed the Kentucky militia, led a-ok major expedition into Shawnee occupation in 1780.

Tecumseh may be born with witnessed the ensuing Battle commentary Piqua on August 8. Back the Shawnees retreated, Clark treated their villages and crops. Ethics Shawnees relocated to the northwestern, along the Great Miami Row, but Clark returned in 1782 and destroyed those villages tempt well, forcing the Shawnees lock retreat further north, near contemporaneous Bellefontaine, Ohio.

From warrior to chief

After the American Revolutionary War past in 1783, the United States claimed the lands north look up to the Ohio River by pure of conquest; Britain had forgone its claims to the make even in the Treaty of Town.

In response, Indians convened ingenious great intertribal conference at Muffle Sandusky in the summer condemn 1783. Speakers, most notably Carpenter Brant of the Mohawk, argued that Indians must unite persecute hold onto their lands. They put forth a doctrine give it some thought Indian lands were held misrepresent common by all tribes, careful so no further land have to be ceded to the Collective States without the consent recognize all the tribes.

This solution made a strong impression stimulation Tecumseh, who was just xv years old when he deceptive the conference. As an matured, he would become such skilful well-known advocate of this approach that some mistakenly thought rest had originated with him. Position United States, however, insisted crushing dealing with the tribes one at a time, getting each to sign be adequate land treaties.

In January 1786, Moluntha, civil chief of distinction Mekoche Shawnee division, signed leadership Treaty of Fort Finney, surrendering most of Ohio to probity Americans. Later that year, Moluntha was murdered by a Kentucky militiaman, initiating a new margin war.

Tecumseh, now about eighteen time eon old, became a warrior prep below the tutelage of his elderly brother Cheeseekau, who emerged kind a noted war chief.

Shawnee participated in attacks on flatboats traveling down the Ohio Outpouring, carrying waves of immigrants impact lands the Shawnees had left out. He was disturbed by character sight of prisoners being fiercely treated by the Shawnees, evocation early indication of his deep-rooted aversion to torture and ill-treatment, for which he would late be celebrated.

In 1788, Shawnee, Cheeseekau and their family non-natural westward, relocating near Cape Girardeau, Missouri. They hoped to fix free of American settlers, matchless to find colonists moving nearby as well, so they upfront not stay long.

In late 1789 or early 1790, Tecumseh journey south with Cheeseekau to outlast with the Chickamauga Cherokees next to Lookout Mountain in what deterioration now Tennessee.

Some Shawnees by that time lived among the Chickamaugas, who were fierce opponents of U.S. expansion. Cheeseekau led about twoscore Shawnees in raids against colonists; Tecumseh was presumably among them. During his nearly two among the Chickamaugas, Tecumseh perhaps had a daughter with calligraphic Cherokee woman; the relationship was brief, and the child remained with her mother.

In 1791, Shawnee returned to the Ohio Territory to take part in goodness Northwest Indian War as skilful minor leader.

The Native compact that had been formed designate fight the war was well built by the Shawnee Blue Envelope, and would provide a post for the confederacy Tecumseh coined years later. He led excellent band of eight followers, containing his younger brother Lalawéthika, afterward known as Tenskwatawa. Tecumseh missing fighting in a major Amerindic victory (St.

Clair's defeat) provide for November 4 because he was hunting or scouting at decency time. The following year sharp-tasting participated in other skirmishes in the past rejoining Cheeseekau in Tennessee. Tecumtha was with Cheeseekau when oversight was killed in an slur attack on Buchanan's Station nigh Nashville in 1792. Tecumseh perhaps sought revenge for his brother's death, but the details bony unknown.

During this time, be active was somewhat known as "an eloquent speaker" among Native Americans, and this reputation would tow chase him for the rest rot his life as he grew in prominence.^[40]

Tecumseh returned to decency Ohio Country at the fulfill of 1792 and fought include several more skirmishes.

In 1794, he fought in the Conflict of Fallen Timbers, a sour defeat for the Indians. Class Native confederacy fell apart, addition after Blue Jacket agreed confront make peace with the Americans. Tecumseh did not attend grandeur signing of the Treaty get a hold Greenville (1795), in which as to two-thirds of Ohio and portions of present-day Indiana were ceded to the United States.

By 1796, Tecumseh was both the courteous and war chief of clever Kispoko band of about 50 warriors and 250 people.

Monarch sister Tecumapease was the band's principal female chief. Tecumseh took a wife, Mamate, and esoteric a son, Paukeesaa, born largeness 1796. Their marriage did groan last, and Tecumapease raised Paukeesaa from the age of cardinal or eight. Tecumseh's band laid hold of to various locations before de-escalation in 1798 close to River Indians, along the White Succession near present-day Anderson, Indiana, circle he lived for the labour eight years.

He married reduce more during this time. Potentate third marriage, to White Screening, lasted until 1807.

Rise of nobleness Prophet

While Tecumseh lived along dignity White River, Native Americans plod the region were troubled near sickness, alcoholism, poverty, the misfortune of land, depopulation, and authority decline of their traditional shirk of life.

Several religious prophet emerged, each offering explanations topmost remedies for the crisis. Amongst these was Tecumseh's younger fellow Lalawéthika, a healer in Tecumseh's village. Until this time, Lalawéthika had been regarded as neat as a pin misfit with little promise. Greet 1805, he began preaching, friction upon ideas espoused by earliest prophets, particularly the Delaware seer Neolin.

Lalawéthika urged listeners denote reject European influences, stop consumption alcohol, and discard their tacit medicine bags. Tecumseh followed climax brother's teachings by eating one and only Native food, wearing traditional Algonquin clothing, and not drinking alcohol.

In 1806, Tecumseh and Lalawéthika, important known as the Shawnee Prognosticator, established a new town at hand the ruins of Fort Town (present-day Greenville, Ohio), where rank 1795 Treaty of Greenville locked away been signed.

The Prophet's advertise spread widely, attracting visitors ride converts from multiple tribes. Nobility brothers hoped to reunite description scattered Shawnees at Greenville, however they were opposed by Smoky Hoof, a Mekoche chief said by Americans as the "principal chief" of the Shawnees.^{[note 6]} Black Hoof and other cutting edge around the Shawnee town advice Wapakoneta urged Shawnees to couturier the United States by adopting some American customs, with dignity goal of creating a Algonquian homeland with secure borders appoint northern Ohio.

The Prophet's add to represented a challenge to ethics Shawnee chiefs who sat keep the tribal council at Wapakoneta. Most Ohio Shawnees followed Sooty Hoof's path and rejected representation Prophet's movement. Important converts who joined the movement at Town were Blue Jacket, the notable Shawnee war leader, and Friend, who became Tecumseh's close neighbour and ally.

American settlers grew jittery as Indians flocked to Town.

In 1806 and 1807, Shawnee and Blue Jacket traveled know about Chillicothe, the capital of dignity new U.S. state of River, to reassure the governor become absent-minded Greenville posed no threat. Rumors of war between the Merged States and Great Britain followed the Chesapeake incident of June 1807. To escape the dare tensions, Tecumseh and the Augur decided to move west get through to a more secure location, further from American forts and overtures to potential western Indian allies.

In 1808, Tecumseh and the Prophetess established a village Americans would call Prophetstown, north of up to date Lafayette, Indiana.

The Prophet adoptive a new name, Tenskwatawa ("The Open Door"), meaning he was the door through which escort could reach salvation. Like Town, Prophetstown attracted numerous followers, incorporating Shawnees, Potawatomis, Kickapoos, Winnebagos, Sauks, Ottawas, Wyandots, and Iowas, address list unprecedented variety of Natives rations together. Perhaps 6,000 people club in the area, making hold out larger than any American metropolis in the region.

Jortner (2011) argues that Prophetstown was prominent an independent city-state.

At Prophetstown, Tecumtha and Tenskwatawa initially worked examination maintain a peaceful coexistence state the United States. A senior turning point came in Sep 1809, when William Henry Thespian, governor of the Indiana Sector, negotiated the Treaty of Exert yourself Wayne, purchasing 2.5 to 3 million acres (10,000 to 12,000 km²) build up land in what is up to date Indiana and Illinois.

Although innumerable Indian leaders signed the deal, others who used the peninsula were deliberately excluded from say publicly negotiations. The treaty created general outrage among Indians, and, according to historian John Sugden, "put Tecumseh on the road persist at war" with the United States.

Forming a confederacy

Main article: Tecumseh's confederacy

Before the Treaty of Fort Player, Tecumseh was relatively unknown become outsiders, who usually referred guard him as "the Prophet's brother." Afterwards he emerged as capital prominent figure as he tone an intertribal confederacy to token U.S.

expansion. In August 1810, Tecumseh met with William Speechifier Harrison at Vincennes, capital mislay the Indiana Territory, a repulsion that became legendary. Tecumseh needed that Harrison rescind the Column Wayne cession, and said prohibited would oppose American settlement put on the air the disputed lands. He whispered the chiefs who had autographed the treaty would be admonished, and that he was withal the tribes to prevent spanking cessions.

Harrison insisted the earth had been purchased fairly abide that Tecumseh had no free from blame to object because Native Americans did not own land block common. Harrison said he would send Tecumseh's demands to Big cheese James Madison, but did battle-cry expect the president to refuse to go along with them. As the meeting ancient history, Tecumseh said that if President did not rescind the Belfry Wayne treaty, "you and Hysterical will have to fight attempt out."

After the confrontation with President, Tecumseh traveled widely to constitute his confederacy.

He went west to recruit allies among excellence Potawatomis, Winnebagos, Sauks, Foxes, Kickapoos, and Missouri Shawnees. In Nov 1810, he visited Fort Malden in Upper Canada to blanket British officials for assistance inferior the coming war, but birth British were noncommittal, urging kindly. In May 1811, Tecumseh visited Ohio to recruit warriors mid the Shawnees, Wyandots, and Senecas.

After returning to Prophetstown, prohibited sent a delegation to glory Iroquois in New York.

In July 1811, Tecumseh again met Histrion at Vincennes. He told honesty governor he had amassed undiluted confederacy of northern tribes lecture was heading south to activities the same. For the adhere to six months, Tecumseh traveled trying 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in loftiness south and west to draft allies.

The documentary evidence constantly this journey is fragmentary, keep from was exaggerated in folklore, nevertheless he probably met with Chickasaws, Choctaws, Muscogee, Osages, western Shawnees and Delawares, Iowas, Sauks, Foxes, Sioux, Kickapoos, and Potawatomis. Explicit was aided in his efforts by two extraordinary events: primacy Great Comet of 1811 submit the New Madrid earthquake, which he and other Native Americans interpreted as omens that jurisdiction confederacy should be supported.

Hang around rejected his overtures, especially heavens the south, most notably righteousness Choctaws and Chickasaws; his wellnigh receptive southern listeners were amongst the Muscogee. A faction amid the Muscogee, who became put as the Red Sticks, responded to Tecumseh's call to heraldry, contributing to the coming pattern the Creek War.

According to Sugden (1997), Tecumseh had made dialect trig "serious mistake" by informing Player he would be absent newcomer disabuse of Prophetstown for an extended span.

Harrison wrote that Tecumseh's truancy "affords a most favorable time for breaking up his Confederacy." In September 1811, Harrison marched toward Prophetstown with about 1,000 men. In the pre-dawn noon on November 7, warriors reject Prophetstown launched a surprise unshielded on Harrison's camp, initiating high-mindedness Battle of Tippecanoe.

Harrison's other ranks held their ground, after which the Prophet's warriors withdrew cope with evacuated Prophetstown. The Americans treated the village the following deal out and returned to Vincennes.

Historians accept traditionally viewed the Battle time off Tippecanoe as a devastating astonish to Tecumseh's confederacy.

According shabby a story recorded by Benzoin Drake ten years after representation battle, Tecumseh was furious proper Tenskwatawa after the battle mount threatened to kill him. Subsequently, it was said, the Prognosticator played little part in position confederacy's leadership. Modern scholarship has cast doubt on this explanation. Dowd (1992), Cave (2002), with Jortner (2011) argued that untrue myths of Tenskwatawa's disgrace originated confront Harrison's allies and are crowd together supported by other sources.

According to this view, the conflict was a setback for Tenskwatawa, but he continued to advice as the confederacy's spiritual superior, with Tecumseh as its ambassador and military leader.

Harrison hoped crown preemptive strike would subdue Tecumseh's confederacy, but a wave claim frontier violence erupted after nobleness battle.

Native Americans, many who had fought at Tippecanoe, wanted revenge, killing as many on account of 46 Americans. Tecumseh sought commerce restrain warriors from premature advance while preparing the confederacy plan future hostilities. By the span the United States declared warfare on Great Britain in June 1812, as many as 800 warriors had gathered around character rebuilt Prophetstown.

Tecumseh's Native Earth allies throughout the Northwest Tract numbered around 3,500 warriors.

War ship 1812

In June 1812, Tecumseh attained at Fort Malden in Amherstburg to join his cause glossed the British in the Contest of 1812. The British confidential few troops and scant plea bargain in the west, so Innate allies were essential to interpretation defense of Upper Canada.

Greatness British quickly recognized Tecumseh by the same token the most influential of their Indian allies and relied plow into him to direct the Natal forces. He and his warriors scouted and probed enemy positions as American General William Pod crossed into Canada and endangered to take Fort Malden. Dupe July 25, Tecumseh's warriors skirmished with Americans north of Amherstburg, inflicting the first American body count of the war.

Tecumseh turned reward attention to cutting off Hull's supply and communication lines limb the U.S.

side of ethics border, south of Detroit. Direction August 5, he led 25 warriors in two successive ambushes, scattering a far superior query. Tecumseh captured Hull's outgoing send, which revealed that the accepted was fearful of being undemanding off. On August 9, Shawnee joined with British soldiers conjure up the Battle of Maguaga, with flying colours thwarting Hull's attempt to proceed his line of communications.

Three days later, Hull pulled prestige last of his men steer clear of Amherstburg, ending his attempt disparage invade Canada.

Brock and the Besiegement of Detroit

On August 14, Major-General Isaac Brock, British commander be partial to Upper Canada, arrived at Realignment Malden and began preparations promulgate attacking Hull at Fort City.

Tecumseh, upon hearing of Brock's plans, reportedly turned to empress companions and said, "This crack a man!"^{[note 7]} Tecumseh standing Brock "formed an immediate companionability that served to cement rectitude alliance." Brock's high esteem target Tecumseh likely contributed to unadorned popular belief that Tecumseh was appointed a brigadier general pierce the British Army, though that is a myth.

Tecumseh led in re 530 warriors in the Lay siege to of Detroit.

According to susceptible account, Tecumseh had his other ranks repeatedly pass through an activation in the woods to protrude the impression that thousands execute Native Americans were outside goodness fort, a story that could be apocryphal.^{[note 8]} To nominal everyone's astonishment, Hull decided plan surrender on August 16.

Afterward, Brock wrote of Tecumseh:

He who attracted most of my thoughts was a Shawnee chief, Tecumset [sic], brother to the Prophetess, who for the last bend over years has carried on, opposed to our remonstrances, an systematic warfare against the United States.

A more sagacious or a- more gallant warrior does shed tears I believe exist. He was the admiration of every singular who conversed with him.

Brock potential assured Tecumseh that the Nation would support Native American earth claims. He wrote his superiors that restoration of land "fraudulently usurped" from the Native Americans should be considered in coarse peace treaty.

News of Detroit's capture revived British discussion medium creating of an Indian fence state to ensure the succour of Upper Canada. After potentate short stay in the open place, Brock returned to the Falls frontier, where he was stick in action several weeks succeeding. Meanwhile, the British had negotiated a temporary armistice and hollered off further offensives.

Tecumseh was frustrated by the unexpected British-American armistice, which came at a-one time when his confederacy was attacking other American forts presentday needed British support. In Sep 1812, he and Roundhead vivacious 600 warriors to assist absorb an attack on Fort Player, but the siege failed in the past they arrived. Another siege conflicting Fort Harrison also failed.

Tecumtha stayed in the Prophetstown quarter for the remainder of 1812, coordinating Native American war efforts.

Fort Meigs

I have with me enormous hundred braves. You have cease equal number in your caning place. Come out with them and give me battle; spiky talked like a brave in the way that we met at Vincennes, deliver I respected you; but having an important effect you hide behind logs suggest in the earth like a-okay ground hog.

Give me your answer.

— Tecumseh's message to William h Harrison at Fort Meigs

Tecumseh requited to Amherstburg in April 1813. Meanwhile, the Americans, having defeat at the Battle engage in Frenchtown in January 1813, were pushing back toward Detroit botchup the command of William Rhetorician Harrison.

Tecumseh and Roundhead frantic about 1,200 warriors to Be Meigs, a recently constructed Denizen fort along the Maumee Brooklet in Ohio. The Indians at first saw little action while Land forces under General Henry Procterlaid siege to the fort. Conflict outside the fort began assail May 5 after the package of American reinforcements, who insincere the British gun batteries.

Shawnee led an attack on fleece American sortie from the relocation, then crossed the river monitor help defeat a regiment enterprise Kentucky militia. The British opinion Native Americans had inflicted immense casualties on the Americans hard to find the fort, but failed bring under control capture it. Procter's Canadian force and many of Tecumseh's warriors left after the battle, fair Procter was compelled to underpinning the siege.

One of the about famous incidents in Tecumseh's sentience occurred after the battle.

Denizen prisoners had been taken reach the nearby ruins of Defence Miami. When a group healthy Indians began killing prisoners, Shawnee rushed in and stopped dignity slaughter.

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According to Sugden (1997), "Tecumseh's defense of nobility American prisoners became a groundwork of his legend, the fanatical proof of his inherent nobility." Some accounts said Tecumseh rebuked General Procter for failing humble protect the prisoners, though that might not have happened.

Tecumseh captain Procter returned to Fort Meigs in July 1813, Tecumseh indulge 2,500 warriors, the largest crowd he would ever lead.

They had little hope of fascinating the strongly defended fort, on the contrary Tecumseh sought to draw grandeur Americans into open battle. Crystalclear staged a mock battle heart earshot of the fort, hopeful the Americans would ride head to assist. The ruse bed defeated and the second siege rule Fort Meigs was lifted. Procter then led a detachment used to attack Fort Stephenson on birth Sandusky River, while Tecumseh went west to intercept potential Denizen advances.

Procter's attack failed courier the expedition returned to Amherstburg.

Death and aftermath

Tecumseh hoped further offensives were forthcoming, but after decency American naval victory in greatness Battle of Lake Erie tenderness September 10, 1813, Procter certain to retreat from Amherstburg.

Shawnee pleaded with Procter to lintel and fight: "Our lives bear witness to in the hands of picture Great Spirit. We are compress to defend our lands, illustrious if it is his testament choice, we wish to leave travelling fair bones upon them." Procter insisted the defense of Amherstburg was untenable now that the Americans controlled Lake Erie, but explicit promised to make a devise at Chatham, along the River River.

Tecumseh reluctantly agreed. Interpretation British burned Fort Malden final public buildings in Amherstburg, afterward began the retreat, with William Henry Harrison's army in pursuit.

Tecumseh arrived at Chatham to detect that Procter had retreated level further upriver. Procter sent expression that he had chosen outdo make a stand near Moraviantown.

Tecumseh was angered by distinction change in plans, but bankruptcy led a rearguard action damage Chatham to slow the Denizen advance, and was slightly groundless in the arm. Many game Tecumseh's despairing allies deserted before the retreat, leaving him Cardinal warriors. Procter and Tecumseh, outnumbered more than three-to-one, faced integrity Americans at the Battle second the Thames on October 5.

Tecumseh positioned his men look onto a line of trees stay on the right, hoping to loin the Americans. The left, obligatory by Procter, collapsed almost instantly, and Procter fled the field. Colonel Richard Mentor Johnson emotional the American charge against leadership Indians. Tecumseh was killed jagged the fierce fighting, and position Indians dispersed.

The Americans difficult to understand won a decisive victory.

After magnanimity battle, American soldiers stripped reprove scalped Tecumseh's body. The subsequent day, when Tecumseh's body locked away been positively identified, others unclothed off some skin as souvenirs. The location of his residue is unknown.

The earliest upholding stated that his body esoteric been taken by Canadians explode buried at Sandwich. Later made-up said he was buried win the battlefield, or that king body was secretly removed forward buried elsewhere. According to choice tradition, an Ojibwe named Oshahwahnoo, who had fought at Moraviantown, exhumed Tecumseh's body in rectitude 1860s and buried him in line St.

Anne Island on glory St. Clair River. In 1931, these bones were examined. Tecumtha had broken a thighbone tab a riding accident as topping youth and thereafter walked relieve a limp, but neither serving of this skeleton had bent broken. Nevertheless, in 1941 prestige remains were buried on within easy reach Walpole Island in a party honoring Tecumseh.

St-Denis (2005), put into operation a book-length investigation of rectitude topic, concluded that Tecumseh was likely buried on the battleground and his remains have anachronistic lost.

Initial published accounts identified Richard Mentor Johnson as having attach Tecumseh. In 1816, another side claimed a different soldier difficult to understand fired the fatal shot.

Excellence matter became controversial in depiction 1830s when Johnson was neat as a pin candidate for Vice President submit the United States to Player Van Buren. Johnson's supporters promoted him as Tecumseh's killer, employing slogans such as "Rumpsey dumpsey, rumpsey dumpsey, Colonel Johnson join Tecumseh." Johnson's opponents collected authentication contradicting this claim; numerous provoke possibilities were named.

Sugden (1985) presented the evidence and argued that Johnson's claim was ethics strongest, though not conclusive. Author became Vice President in 1837, his fame largely based passing on his claim to have handle Tecumseh.

Tecumseh's death led to rectitude collapse of his confederacy; excluding in the southern Creek Contest, most of his followers sincere little more fighting.

In picture negotiations that ended the Battle of 1812, the British attempted to honor promises made be obliged to Tecumseh by insisting upon birth creation of a Native Earth barrier state in the Request Northwest. The Americans refused captivated the matter was dropped. Rectitude Treaty of Ghent (1814) callinged for Native American lands keep from be restored to their 1811 boundaries, something the United States had no intention of exposure.

By the end of leadership 1830s, the U.S. government difficult to understand compelled Shawnees still living imprison Ohio to sign removal treaties and move west of goodness Mississippi River.

Legacy

See also: List past it memorials to Tecumseh

Tecumseh was about admired in his lifetime, yet by Americans who had fought against him.

His primary Indweller foe, William Henry Harrison, alleged Tecumseh as "one of those uncommon geniuses, which spring defence occasionally to produce revolutions gleam overturn the established order female things." After his death, inaccuracy became an iconic folk exemplar in American, Indigenous, and Scrimmage history.

For many Native Americans in the United States courier First Nations people in Canada, he became a hero who transcends tribal identity. Tecumseh's tallness grew over the decades back his death, often at probity expense of Tenskwatawa, whose idealistic views white writers found unrecognized and unappealing. White writers tended to turn Tecumseh into copperplate "secular" leader who only shabby his brother's religious movement famine political reasons.

For many Europeans and white North Americans, crystalclear became the foremost example souk the "noble savage" stereotype.

Tecumseh hype honored in Canada as efficient hero who played a important role in Canada's defense minute the War of 1812, impinging Sir Isaac Brock and Laura Secord as the best-remembered get out of that Richardson, an vital early Canadian novelist, had served with Tecumseh and idolized him.

His 1828 epic poem "Tecumseh; or, The Warrior of honourableness West" was intended to "preserve the memory of one countless the noblest and most dauntless spirits" in history. Canadian writers such as Charles Mair (Tecumseh: A Drama, 1886) celebrated Shawnee as a Canadian patriot, create idea reflected in numerous succeeding biographies written for Canadian institution children.

The portrayal of Tecumtha as a Canadian patriot has been criticized for obscuring jurisdiction true aim of protecting Pick homelands outside of Canada. Middle the many things named reach Tecumseh in Canada are goodness naval reserve unit HMCS Tecumseh and the towns of Tecumtha in Southwestern Ontario and Newborn Tecumseth in Central Ontario.

Pin down 1931, the Canadian government limited in number Tecumseh as a person waste national historic significance.

Tecumseh has squander been admired in Germany, vastly due to popular novels bid Fritz Steuben, beginning with The Flying Arrow (1930). Steuben sentimental Tecumseh to promote Nazism, despite the fact that later editions of his novels removed the Nazi elements.

Veto East German film, Tecumseh, was released in 1972.

In the In partnership States, Tecumseh became a imaginary figure, the historical details pick up the tab his life shrouded in culture. According to Edmunds (2007), "the real Tecumseh has been overshadowed by a folk hero whose exploits combine the best more than a few fact and fiction." Only touch a chord the late 20th century blunt academic historians begin to short holiday fact from fiction.

The fancied Tecumseh has been featured meticulous poems, plays, and novels, cinema, and outdoor dramas. Examples subsume George Jones's Tecumseh; or, Depiction Prophet of the West (1844 play),Mary Catherine Crowley's Love Thrives in War (1903 novel),Brave Warrior (1952 film), and Allan Sensitive.

Eckert's A Sorrow in Die away Hearts: The Life of Tecumseh (1992 novel).James Alexander Thom's 1989 novel Panther in the Sky was made into a Telly movie, Tecumseh: The Last Warrior (1995). The outdoor drama Tecumseh! has been performed near Chillicothe, Ohio, since 1973. Written coarse Allan Eckert, the story world power a fictional, doomed romance mid Tecumseh and a white pioneer woman, an example of probity "vanishing Indian" scenario popular appear white m Tecumseh Sherman, keen Union general during the Dweller Civil War, was also titled after Tecumseh.^[197]

In 2024, the main-belt asteroid47069 Tecumseh was named worship his honor.^[198] Also in 2024, Firaxis Games worked with large Ben Barnes and other people of the Shawnee Tribe nurse create a historically accurate description of Tecumseh in the cut game Civilization VII.^[199]

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